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<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 49.5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25\"><span class=\"tpccontent1\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 22pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体\">对</span></span><span class=\"tpccontent1\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 22pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体\">gzztitc</span></span><span class=\"tpccontent1\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 22pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体\">先生两个问题</span></span><span class=\"tpccontent1\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 22pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体\">的回答<span lang=\"EN-US\"></span></span></span></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25\"><span class=\"tpccontent1\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体\"></span></span><span class=\"tpccontent1\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体\"></span></span><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25\"><span class=\"tpccontent1\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体\">遵照<span lang=\"EN-US\">gzztitc</span>先生的要求,<span lang=\"EN-US\">laohan</span>在此逐一回答<personname productid=\"高\" w:st=\"on\" />高</personname />先生的两个问题。</span></span><span class=\"tpccontent1\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体\"></span></span><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25\"><span class=\"tpccontent1\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体\">gzztitc</span></span><span class=\"tpccontent1\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体\">的问题一:你们是否认为:应该对招标人在采购招标中的行为有所约束?具体体现在“定标权”的问题上,采取怎样的措施,才能保证招标人具有“定标权”,而不至于是绝对的,不受制约的?</span></span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体\"></span><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体\">Laochan</span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体\">:回答是肯定的。对招标人的定标权当然要有所约束。需要指出的是,约束的前提条件是:招标人享有定标权。如果招标人没有定标权,也就无所谓“约束”了。我在《论定标权的归属》等博文中,已多次提出约束招标人定标权的方案――定标权“三足鼎立”方案。现再<span lang=\"EN-US\">COPY</span>如下:<span lang=\"EN-US\"></span></span></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体\">九、科学、合理、合法地让定标权“三足鼎立”</span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体\"> <span lang=\"EN-US\"></span></span></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体\">为了维护《中华人民共和国招标投标法》的尊严和中国招标的健康发展,结合中国招标的现状,</span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体\">特郑重建议,让定标权“三足鼎立”</span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体\">。<span lang=\"EN-US\"> </span></span></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体\">具体办法如下:<span lang=\"EN-US\"> </span></span></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1</font></span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体\">.“三足”为:招标人、评标委员会和行政监管部门。<span lang=\"EN-US\"> </span></span></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">2</font></span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体\">.定标权分配方案设计为:<span lang=\"EN-US\"> </span></span></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体\">①评标委员会按照招标文件的规定进行评标,评出中标候选人。中标候选人为</span><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">2</font></span></b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体\">-</span></b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">3</font></span></b><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体\">人,必须对候选人的优缺点作出详细的分析和评估。可以排序,也可以不排序。如果招标人要求排序,就必须排序。<span lang=\"EN-US\"> </span></span></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体\">②一般情况下,招标人在候选人中确定中标人。<span lang=\"EN-US\"> </span></span></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体\">③招标人也可以要求在候选人以外的投标人中确定中标人。但是,要向行政监管部门提出书面申请,并应说明充分的理由。<span lang=\"EN-US\"> </span></span></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体\">④行政监管部门在收到招标人的书面申请后,作出是否允许在候选人以外确定中标人的裁决。<span lang=\"EN-US\"> </span></span></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体\">⑤招标人<span style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: bold\">也</span>可以授权评标委员会直接确定中标人。<span lang=\"EN-US\"> </span></span></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">3</font></span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体\">.上述</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">5</font></span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体\">条是一个完整的方案。该方案使定标权“三足鼎立”,三方相互制约,三方的定标权都是相对有限的。<span lang=\"EN-US\"> </span></span></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><chsdate w:st=\"on\" year=\"1993\" month=\"3\" day=\"26\" islunardate=\"False\" isrocdate=\"False\" /><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体\">1993</span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体\">年<span lang=\"EN-US\">3</span>月<span lang=\"EN-US\">26</span>日</span></chsdate /><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体\">国务院经贸办发布的《机电设备招标投标指南》中对评标和定标是这样规定的:<span lang=\"EN-US\"> </span></span></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体\">“第二十九条 评标<span lang=\"EN-US\"> <br /></span> (一)招标方负责组建评标委员会(以下简称评委会)。评委会由招标方的代表和技术、经济、法律等方面的专家组成,委托方全权代表也可以参加评委会。<span lang=\"EN-US\"> <br /></span> (二)评委会负责评标工作,评委会要全面充分地审阅研究投标文件,认真听取委托方和投标方的意见,有权要求投标方代表对投标文件不明确的地方进行解释。<span lang=\"EN-US\"><br /></span><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"> 评委会综合比较各投标设备性能、质量、价格、交货期和投标方的资信情况等因素,依据“公正、科学、严谨”的原则和标书的要求进行评标,综合评价出中标厂商优选方案。<span lang=\"EN-US\"> <br /></span></b> (三)评标时,对不符合标书要求的投标文件,评委会有权决定其部分废标或全部废标。<span lang=\"EN-US\"> <br /></span> 第三十条 定标<span lang=\"EN-US\"><br /></span><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"> (一)根据评委会提出的中标厂商优选方案,由委托方选定中标厂商。</b></span><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 楷体_GB2312\"> </span></b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体\"><br /></span></b><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体\"> (二)投标方的最低投标报价不能作为中标的保证。”<span lang=\"EN-US\"> </span></span></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\"> </span></span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体\">上述关于评标和定标的规定在中国执行了六年。六年的实践证明,国务院经贸办在文件中对评标和定标的规定是科学合理的,是适用的、实用的、可行的。<span lang=\"EN-US\"> </span></span></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体\"> </span></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体\">gzztitc</span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体\">的<span class=\"tpccontent1\"><span style=\"LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt\">问题二:在大家都认为《招标投标法》赋予招标人“定标权”的情况下,为什么几个“政令”就能够“剥夺”招标人的法定权利?你们认为,有关的法律和法规如何协调一致?<span lang=\"EN-US\"></span></span></span></span></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25\"><span class=\"tpccontent1\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体\"></span></span><p /><h3 style=\"TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: auto 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span class=\"tpccontent1\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold\">Laochan</span></span><span class=\"tpccontent1\"><span style=\"FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold\">:“政令”是公权力,招标人的定标权是私权利。关于这个问题,<span lang=\"EN-US\">Laochan</span>已在《</span></span><span style=\"FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold\">剥夺招标人定标权 是“公权力”对“私权利”的侵犯》博文中作了阐述。现也<span lang=\"EN-US\">COPY</span>如下:<span lang=\"EN-US\"><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.57; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><a name=\"tpc\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana\">中国是一个有着几千年人治传统的国家,又具有数千年集体本位思想的潜在影响,致使个体本位和私权利本位意识淡薄,</span></a><span style=\"mso-bookmark: tpc\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体\">公权力至高无上,没有社会个体自主权利的观念和理论。因而,</span></span><span style=\"mso-bookmark: tpc\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana\">公权力侵犯私权利的现象仍时常发生。</span></span><span style=\"mso-bookmark: tpc\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体\"> <span lang=\"EN-US\"></span></span></span></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.0pt\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: tpc\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体\">新中国成立后,中国长期实行的计划经济体制又一度将公权力推向极致。在以行政管理手段为特征的计划经济体制下,各级行政机关代替</span></span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体\"><a href=\"http://www.studa.net/company/\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"COLOR: black; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none\"><span lang=\"EN-US\">企业</span></span></a></span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体\">做出日常经济活动的微观决策,直接管理企业的产供销活动。由于实行计划经济管理体制<span lang=\"EN-US\">,</span>个体利益被抽象于国家利益之中,由国家作为各方利益的总代表,来进行直接的调度和安排。国家对社会个体的干预在社会主义国家达到了一个顶峰,干预的触角伸入文化领域、经济领域、<span lang=\"EN-US\"><a href=\"http://www.studa.net/xueke/\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"COLOR: black; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none\"><span lang=\"EN-US\">体育</span></span></a></span>领域乃至家庭领域。<span lang=\"EN-US\"> </span></span></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体\">改革开放以来,中国由计划经济逐渐转向市场经济,并且为了适应经济发展的需要,实行政企分家。与此同时,颁布了以《民法通则》为龙头的一系列民事<span lang=\"EN-US\"><a href=\"http://www.studa.net/Law/\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"COLOR: black; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none\"><span lang=\"EN-US\">法律</span></span></a></span>和商事法律,如《合同法》、《担保法》、《公司法》、《票据法》、《信托法》、《招标投标法》、《物权法》等。这些法律为社会个体享有私权利提供了法律依据,从此在我国形成了公法与私法、公权力与私权利划分的基本格局。<span lang=\"EN-US\"></span></span></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体\">然而,由于我国受历史传统的<span lang=\"EN-US\"><a href=\"http://www.studa.net/\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"COLOR: windowtext; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none\"><span lang=\"EN-US\">影响</span></span></a></span>太深,加之我国的市场经济是直接由计划经济脱胎而来的,是通过自上而下的改革建立起来的,因此在社会个体领域仍然残存着大量的公权力,使得弱小的私权利时时受到强大的公权力的威胁,结果导致公权力的发达与私权利的萎缩并存,公权力对私权利的践踏与私权利对公权力的依附并存,民众对公权力的膜拜与对私权利的漠视并存。公权力对私权利的侵害与践踏不仅导致了私权利的消隐,也造成了公权力本身的异化与蜕变。</span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\"> <span lang=\"EN-US\"></span></font></span></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥\">从我国目前公权力与私权利的配置状况来看,二者的矛盾与冲突主要是公权力对私权利的侵蚀所致的公权力的畸形发达与私权利的过度萎缩之间的矛盾。所以,实现公权力与私权利的平衡并以此为基础构建和谐社会的关键在于有效控制公权力的过度膨胀,培育私权利的独立力量。</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\"> </font></span></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥\">目前,</span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana\">公权力公共性能的弱化现象也十分明显,并构成对私权利的侵害。其主要原因是由公权力的腐败产生的,通常表现为立法腐败、行政腐败、司法腐败等等,这种公权力的公共性能的弱化会直接或间接导致对私权利的侵害。在现实中,许多做法往往是以牺牲社会个体的权利为代价换取所谓公权力实现的。</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体\"><br /></span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana\"> 总的来讲,从人类社会历史发展的现实看</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体\">, </span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana\">公权力始终处于强势的统治地位。因此,在实现法治的进程中,必须对公权力进行限制,对私权利进行保护,使公权力和私权利在权益分配上能达到一个均衡。同时,它应作为我国建设法治国家的重要原则贯彻到我国的立法、守法、执法、司法的各个环节中去,只有这样才能使公权力和私权利行为走向法治化的道路。</span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\"> <span lang=\"EN-US\"></span></font></span></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥\">只有“政令”回归法律,具体说,回归《招标投标法》,才能协调一致。</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体\"></span></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥\">不知</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">gzztitc</font></span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥\">对</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">laochan</font></span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥\">的上述回答是否满意?</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体\"></span></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体\"><br style=\"mso-special-character: line-break\" /><br style=\"mso-special-character: line-break\" /></span></p><p /></span></span></font></h3></p><p> </p></p></p></p><p> </p> |
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