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“权力”还是“权利”?

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发表于 2007-12-29 21:56:57 |只看该作者 |倒序浏览
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0mm 0mm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt" align="center"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0mm 0mm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt" align="center"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0mm 0mm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt" align="center"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><strong>“权力”还是“权利”?</strong></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0mm 0mm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 9&#46;0pt"><p><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0mm 0mm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 9&#46;0pt">“权力”(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 9&#46;0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">ower</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 9&#46;0pt">)与“权利”(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 9&#46;0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Right</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 9&#46;0pt">)的英文单词及其涵义差异很大,而在汉语中仅有一字之差,很容易混淆。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0mm 0mm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0mm 0mm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman""><strong>一、两者的差异:</strong></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0mm 0mm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman""><strong></strong></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0mm 0mm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">、行使主体不同。权利的行使是一般主体和自然人,而权力的行使主体是国家机关及其工作人员,体现为“职权”。</span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0mm 0mm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">、处分方式不同。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 9&#46;0pt">除一些最基本的权利之外,</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">权利一般可以放弃和转让,而权力必须依法行使,不得放弃和转让,“不作为”即为渎职。</span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0mm 0mm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">、推定规则不同。权利的推定规则为“法无明文禁止即可为之”,而权力的推定规则为“法无明文规定不可为之”,否则越权和违法。</span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0mm 0mm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">、社会功能不同。权利一般体现私人利益,权力一般体现公共利益。</span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0mm 0mm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0mm 0mm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman""><strong>二、两者的关系:</strong></span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0mm 0mm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0mm 0mm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">、相互依存。一方面,一国最高权力来源于其公民对自身部分权利的让渡;另一方面,权力在将自然权利确认为法定权利的过程中起决定性作用。</span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0mm 0mm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">、相互作用。一方面,公民可以以权利控制权力;另一方面,法定权利的实现和救济也离不开权力。</span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0mm 0mm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">、相互冲突。一方面,权力是保障权利必不可少的力量;另一方面,为切实保护权利又必须限制权力。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0mm 0mm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman""></span></p>
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发表于 2007-12-29 21:59:20 |只看该作者
<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0mm 0mm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt\"><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-bidi-font-size: 9&#46;0pt\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0mm 0mm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt\"><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-bidi-font-size: 9&#46;0pt\">在现实生活中,人们常常更看重权力,而漠视权利。权力崇拜时常发生,而权利崇拜几乎没有。滥用权力的事情发生之时,忽视权利的情况便随之而来。</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0mm 0mm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt\"><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-bidi-font-size: 9&#46;0pt\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0mm 0mm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt\"><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"\">《中华人民共和国合同法》全文只有“权利”而无“权力”一词,而“权利与义务”也不是“权力与义务”。然而,长期以来,我国许多招标文件及合同范本中都有“权力”一词,包括建设部、水利部、交通部、商务部等部门发布的范本。</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0mm 0mm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt\"><span lang=\"EN-US\"><p><font face=\"Times New Roman\"> </font></p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0mm 0mm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt\"><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"\">例如,</span><chsdate w:st=\"on\" isrocdate=\"False\" islunardate=\"False\" day=\"1\" month=\"11\" year=\"2007\"><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">2007-11-1</font></span></chsdate><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"\">国家发改委等九单位联合发布的《中华人民共和国标准招标文件》,其中“通用合同条款”第</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">3&#46;1</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"\">款的标题为“监理人的职责和</span><span style=\"COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"\">权力</span><span style=\"COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"\">”</span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"\">。问题是:业主在合同中享有“权利”而不是“权力”,那么,业主授予监理人的应是“权利”还是“权力”?</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0mm 0mm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12&#46;0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 楷体_GB2312\"><p><font face=\"Times New Roman\"> </font></p></span></b></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0mm 0mm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt\"><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"\">再例如,商务部《机电产品采购国际竞争性招标文件》(</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">2007</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"\">版)的以下内容:</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0mm 0mm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt\"><span lang=\"EN-US\"><p><font face=\"Times New Roman\"> </font></p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0mm 0mm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21&#46;1pt\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\">一、“投标人须知”部分</span></b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial\"><p /></span></b></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0mm 0mm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18&#46;05pt\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14&#46;0pt\">11&#46;</span></b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14&#46;0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\">投标报价</span></b><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14&#46;0pt\"><p /></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0mm 0mm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14&#46;0pt\">11&#46;4<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">  </span></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14&#46;0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\">投标人根据本须知第</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14&#46;0pt\">11&#46;2</span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14&#46;0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\">条的规定将投标价分成几部分,只是为了方便招标机构和招标人对投标文件进行比较,并不限制招标人以上述任何条件订立合同的</span><span style=\"COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14&#46;0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\">权力</span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14&#46;0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\">。</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14&#46;0pt\"><p /></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0mm 0mm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18&#46;05pt\"><b><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14&#46;0pt\">32&#46; </span></b><b><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14&#46;0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\">接受和拒绝任何或所有投标的</span></b><b><span style=\"COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14&#46;0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\">权力</span></b><b><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14&#46;0pt\"><p /></span></b></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0mm 0mm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14&#46;0pt\">32&#46;1<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">  </span></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14&#46;0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\">在特殊情况下,招标机构和招标人保留在授标之前拒绝任何投标以及宣布招标程序无效或拒绝所有投标的</span><span style=\"COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14&#46;0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\">权力</span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14&#46;0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\">。</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14&#46;0pt\"><p /></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0mm 0mm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt\"><span lang=\"EN-US\"><p><font face=\"Times New Roman\"> </font></p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0mm 0mm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21&#46;1pt\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"\">二</span></b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">|</font></span></b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"\">、“合同条款”部分</span></b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt\"><p /></span></b></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0mm 0mm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt\"><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">8&#46;4<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">  </span></font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"\">买方在货物到达目的港和</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">/</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"\">或现场后对货物进行检验、测试及必要时拒绝接受货物的</span><span style=\"COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"\">权力</span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"\">将不会因为货物在从来源国</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">/</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"\">地区启运前通过了买方或其它代表的检验、测试和认可而受到限制或放弃。</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0mm 0mm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt\"><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">18&#46;5 </font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"\">如果卖方收到通知后在合同规定的时间内没有以合理的速度弥补缺陷,买方可采取必要的补救措施,但其风险和费用将由卖方承担,买方根据合同规定对卖方行使的其他</span><span style=\"COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"\">权力</span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"\">不受影响。</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0mm 0mm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt\"><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">30&#46;1 </font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"\">如果卖方破产或无偿清能力,买方可在任何时候以书面形式通知卖方,提出终止合同而不给卖方补偿。该合同的终止将不损害或影响买方已经采取或将要采取的任何行动或补救措施的</span><span style=\"COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"\">权力</span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"\">。</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0mm 0mm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12&#46;0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 楷体_GB2312\"><p><font face=\"Times New Roman\"> </font></p></span></b></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0mm 0mm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21&#46;1pt\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"\">三、“投标书”部分</span></b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt\"><p /></span></b></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0mm 0mm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial\">3&#46; </span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\">投标人已详细审查全部招标文件,包括<i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal\"><u>(补遗书)(如果有的话)</u></i>。我们完全理解并同意放弃对这方面有不明及误解的</span><span style=\"COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\">权力</span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial\">。</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-FAMILY: Arial\"><p /></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0mm 0mm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt\"><span lang=\"EN-US\"><p><font face=\"Times New Roman\"> </font></p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0mm 0mm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt\"><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"\"></span></p>
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板凳
发表于 2007-12-29 22:03:58 |只看该作者
我国标准文件由政府部门编制,这些部门习惯了“权力”,可能因此而将“权利”误为“权力”。
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地板
发表于 2007-12-29 22:07:04 |只看该作者
“抽签中标法”就是“权力”侵犯“权利”的典型例子。
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发表于 2007-12-30 08:54:46 |只看该作者
很好,很专业!有道理。
在未来的商务部招标文件范本的修改中,我将考虑您的意见。
老朽的邮箱: laochan2006@163.com 钱忠宝
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发表于 2007-12-30 09:09:51 |只看该作者
不错!招标中应该体现的是参与各方的责权利。不理顺责权利的关系招标就是糊涂账,只能是谁的权力大谁说了算。
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7#
发表于 2007-12-30 16:42:56 |只看该作者
楼主好文!!

值得学习和深入思考!
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8#
发表于 2007-12-30 19:30:51 |只看该作者

权利的正当性

权利的正当性
英语的“权利”(Right)一词还有“正当”、“正确”、“正义”、“公正”之意。
私权利随自然与生俱来,例如“天赋人权”;但一个人的Right(权利)不能无限扩张以至侵犯他人以及社会与环境,因此,Right(权利)必须具有正当性和公正性,合乎社会正义。
而汉语的“权利”一词并无“正当”、“正确”、“正义”、“公正”之类的含义。

外国人面对Right一词,必然联想到正当、正义,而中国人面对“权利”一词,只想到私权利。
可能正是由于这种文化差异,我国普遍出现了不正当地将私权利凌驾于社会正义之上的情况,例如滥用公权力不正当地获取私权利,再例如随意拖欠或克扣他人金钱和报酬,不发加班工资等。
一个简单问题是:作为招标代理人起草招标文件和合同条款的“权利”条文时,您是否会想到必须遵从“正当”、“正确”、“正义”、“公正”的原则?

公权力因授予而产生,因而是有限的(有限政府),所以,没有法律的授权,政府便不能行事,否则就是越权。
私权利随自然与生俱来,因而是无限的,但为了人类社会的协调发展,某些权利必须受到限制。于是,对于民众来说,凡是法律没有禁止的,便可行使之。

为了限制公权力,法律采用了列举的方式;凡未列举的事项,公权力便不得触及。
为了维护私权利,法律采用了排除的方式,凡被排除的权利,便不得行使,但只要未被排除,民众当然可以享有。
法律之所以要排除某些私权利,就是为了保证私权利的正当、正确、正义、公正。
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9#
发表于 2007-12-31 13:28:02 |只看该作者
英语的Right,除了“权利”、“正当”、“正确”、“正义”、“公正”之外,还指“右”。这个“右”起源于“右手”。
绝大多数人习惯使用“右手”。
法官的Right(右手)举起法锤的时候,必须保护当事人的Right(权利),其判决必须Right(正当、正确、正义、公正)。
当您行使Right(权利),举起Right(右手)投票表决的时候,请不要忘记Right(正当、正确、正义、公正)。
作为招标代理,当您Right(右手)执笔,起草招标文件与合同的时候,请不要忘记Right(正当、正确、正义、公正),所写内容必须公正地保护各方当事人的Right(权利)。
政府官员Right(右手)执笔,起草文件的时候,应该怎样做?
可见,一个Right蕴含了多少哲理。
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发表于 2007-12-31 13:29:47 |只看该作者
<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0mm 0mm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt\"><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0mm 0mm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt\"><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"\">《</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">FIDIC</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"\">施工合同条件》(中译本)第</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">3&#46;1</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"\">款的标题为“工程师的职责和</span><span style=\"COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"\">权力</span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"\">”(</span><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span lang=\"EN-US\">Engineer\'s Duties and </span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"COLOR: red\">Authority</span></font><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"\">)。</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0mm 0mm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt\"><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"\">但</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">Authority</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"\">其实是“职权”,一种通过授予而拥有的“权威”,而工程师是“权威人士”而不是“权力人士”。因此,</span><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span lang=\"EN-US\">Engineer\'s Duties and </span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"COLOR: windowtext\">Authority</span></font><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"\">应该翻译为“工程师的职责和职权”。</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0mm 0mm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt\"><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"\">有“职责”就应该拥有履行“职责”的“职权”,这本来就是一个通俗的道理。</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0mm 0mm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt\"><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"\">所以,《中华人民共和国标准施工招标文件》的“通用合同条款”第</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">3&#46;1</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"\">款的标题“监理人的职责和</span><span style=\"COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"\">权力</span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"\">”应该更正为“监理人的职责和</span><span style=\"COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"\">职权</span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"\">”。</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0mm 0mm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt\"><span lang=\"EN-US\"><p><font face=\"Times New Roman\"> </font></p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0mm 0mm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt\"><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"\">再例如《</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">FIDIC</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"\">施工合同条件》(英文本)第</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">4&#46;3</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"\">款:</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0mm 0mm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18&#46;05pt\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">4&#46;3 Contractor\'s Representative</font></span></b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"\">(承包人代表)</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><p /></span></b></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0mm 0mm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span lang=\"EN-US\">The Contractor shall appoint the Contractor\'s Representative and shall give him all</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"COLOR: red\"> authority </span><span lang=\"EN-US\">necessary to act on the Contractor\'s behalf under the Contract&#46; </span></font><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"\">(承包人应任命承包人代表,并授予他在按照合同代表承包人工作时所必需的一切</span><span style=\"COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"\">职权</span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"\">。)这里的</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"COLOR: red\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">authority</font></span><span style=\"COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"\">同样应该翻译为“</span><span style=\"COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"\">职权</span><span style=\"COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"\">”而不是“</span><span style=\"COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"\">权力</span><span style=\"COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"\">”。</span></p>
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