联合国●公约●招标●预防●腐败

汉瓦

<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0" align="center"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体">一、《联合国公约》与招标采购制度<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312">《联合国反腐败公约》草案除序言外共分<span lang="EN-US">8个章节</span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: "MS Mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Mincho"">､</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312">71项条款,包括包括总则,</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体">预防措施</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312">,</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312">定罪</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: "MS Mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Mincho"">､</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">制裁</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: "MS Mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Mincho"">､</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">救济及执法</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312">,国际合作,资产的追回,技术援助和信息交流,实施机制以及最后条款</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: "MS Mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Mincho"">｡</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">公约草案涉及预防和打击腐败</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312">的立法</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: "MS Mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Mincho"">､</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">司法</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: "MS Mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Mincho"">､</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">行政执法以及国家政策和社会舆论等方方面面</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312">,是一个重要</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: "MS Mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Mincho"">､</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">全面</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: "MS Mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Mincho"">､</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">综合性的反腐败国际法律文书</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: "MS Mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Mincho"">｡</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><p /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Mincho"">其中在“<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="COLOR: red">第二章</span></b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Mincho"">预防措施</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Mincho"">”的第九条的“公共采购和公共财政管理”第一款的内容如下：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><p /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Mincho"">一<span lang="EN-US">&#46; </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Mincho"">各缔约国均应当根据本国法律制度的基本原则采取必要步骤，建立对预防腐败特别有效的以透明度、竞争和按客观标准决定为基础的适当的采购制度。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Mincho"">这类制度可以在适用时考虑到适当的最低限值，所涉及的方面应当包括：<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Mincho"">㈠ 公开分发关于采购程序及合同的资料，包括招标的资料与授标相关的资料，使潜在投标人有充分时间准备和提交标书；<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Mincho"">㈡ 事先确定参加的条件，包括甄选和授标标准以及投标规则，并予以公布；<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Mincho"">㈢ 采用客观和事先确定的标准作出公共采购决定，以便于随后核查各项规则或者程序是否得到正确适用；<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Mincho"">㈣ 建立有效的国内复审制度，包括有效的申诉制度，以确保在依照本款制定的规则未得到遵守时可以诉诸法律和进行法律救济；<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Mincho"">㈤ 酌情采取措施，规范采购的负责人员的相关事项，例如特定公共采购中的利益关系申明、筛选程序和培训要求。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">（一）从汉语语法角度分析：<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">对“各缔约国均应当根据本国法律制度的基本原则采取必要步骤，建立对预防腐败特别有效的以透明度、竞争和按客观标准决定为基础的适当的采购制度。”这句文字，试着从汉语语法角度分析： <span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><u><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">各缔约国</span></u><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">[</font></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">主语</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">]</font></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">均应当</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">[</font></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">状语</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">]</font></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">根据本国法律制度的基本原则采取必要步骤</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">[</font></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">条件状语</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">]</font></span></i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">，</span><u><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">建立</span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">[</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">谓语</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">]</font></span><u><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">对预防腐败特别有效的</span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">[</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">定语，起修饰作用，修饰<span lang="EN-US">“采购制度”，隐含说明“采购制度”“对预防腐败特别有效”</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">]</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">以透明度、竞争和按客观标准决定为基础的适当的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">[</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">定语，起限定作用，限定<span lang="EN-US">“采购制度”，隐含说明在采购中要以此类方式防止腐败</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">]</font></span><u><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">采购制度</span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">[</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">宾语</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">]</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">。 <span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">——</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">说明</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">采购制度</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">”</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">对预防腐败特别有效。 <span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">——</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">说明应当建立</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">适当</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">”</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">采购制度</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">”</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">（显然是指招标）。 <span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">——</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">分析句子成份后，不难发现：建立</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">采购制度</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">”</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">的目的之一就是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">预防腐败</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">”</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">（因为有效，所以建立），在采购制度中应当注意</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">适当</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">”</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">（即应该防止腐败）。 <span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">（二）从英语的“定语从句”角度分析：<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><u style="text-underline: red"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">that</span></u><u style="text-underline: red"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">（主语，关系代词</span></u><u style="text-underline: red"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">that</span></u><u style="text-underline: red"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">在从句中做主语<span lang="EN-US">,）</span></span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span><u style="text-underline: red double">are effective</u></span><u style="text-underline: red double"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">（复合谓语，由联系动词</span></u><u style="text-underline: red double"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">be</span></u><u style="text-underline: red double"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">和表语构成复合谓语）</span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">, <u style="text-underline: blue dotted">inter alia</u></span><u style="text-underline: blue dotted"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">（插入语<span lang="EN-US">&#46;来源拉丁语,作强调用）</span></span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">, <u style="text-underline: blue dotted">in preventing corruption</u></span><u style="text-underline: blue dotted"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</span></u><u style="text-underline: blue dotted"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">介词短语作状语</span></u><u style="text-underline: blue dotted"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</span></u><u style="text-underline: blue dotted"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">&#46;</span></u><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">　</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><p /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">1</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">、从</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">Laochan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">详尽的分析看，这个定语从句确实是</span><u style="text-underline: red"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">修饰先行词</span></u><u style="text-underline: blue wave"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">systems</span></u><u style="text-underline: blue wave"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">的。</span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><p /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">、但是，英语的定语从句与汉语中的定语还有一个不同的地方，那就是，英语中有些定语从句和主句关系不密切，它</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">从语法上看是修饰定语从句的先行词的，但实际上限定作用不强，而是修饰主句的谓语或全句的，起状语作用。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">也就是说</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">这个定语从句兼有状语从句的职能，在意义上与主句有状语关系，表明目的关系。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">——在这种情况下，我们看出了什么逻辑关系？<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><p> </p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0" align="center"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体">二、联合国官员说招标投标<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><strong><span class="tpctitle1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">（</span></span><span class="tpctitle1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 9&#46;0pt">一</span></span><span class="tpctitle1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">）联合国秘书长曾说：招标投标是反腐败措施之一</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><p /></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">联合国秘书长柯非·安南曾在第八届反腐败大会上指出： <span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">世界上没有任何国家能够幸免腐败，在发展中国家腐败严重阻碍了经济的发展。他敦促各国使用公开官员财产、独立的审计和</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">在政府行政管理中引入公平竞争机制如</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><u><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">招标投标</span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">、反垄断等反腐败措施。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><strong><span class="tpctitle1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span></span><span class="tpctitle1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">（</span></span><span class="tpctitle1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 9&#46;0pt">二</span></span><span class="tpctitle1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">）合国专家小组的反腐败建议之一：强制实行招标投标制</span></span><span class="tpctitle1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><p /></span></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">在联合国专家小组对发展中国家的</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">反腐败建议中，最重要的一点就是在采购和公共建设中</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><u><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">强制实行招标投标制</span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">。</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> <span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">——上述的发言和建议，我们能看出了联合国到底在说什么？<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><p> </p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0" align="center"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体">三、联合国建议的“招标采购制度”没有“预防腐败”的目的吗？<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">鉴于上述分析，我们不难得出结论：<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">《联合国反腐公约》是说，要建立能够有效预防腐败的采购制度，建立这样的采购制度其目的就是为了有效预防腐败。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">但是什么样的采购制度才能算是“对预防腐败特别有效的以透明度、竞争和按客观标准决定为基础的适当的”呢？显然是指“招标采购制度”了。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">就招标采购制度而言，作为一种“措施”，因为符合《公约》中体现的“透明度”原则，是《公约》提倡的“预防性反腐败政策和做法”之一，因此，汉瓦认为，《公约》要求采取这样的措施，其目的之一就是为了“预防腐败”。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><p> </p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Mincho""><p> </p></span></p>

gzztitc

<p>不清楚联合国说的“反腐败”和我们说的反腐败是不是一个概念？</p><p>请参考邵道生长文中的一段话：</p><p>【<font size=\"3\"><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">我是非常同意西南政法大学<personname w:st=\"on\" productid=\"朱建华\" />朱建华</personname />教授发表的观点：“随着我国加入</span><chsdate year=\"2003\" month=\"10\" day=\"31\" islunardate=\"False\" isrocdate=\"False\" w:st=\"on\" /><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">2003</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">年</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">10</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">月</span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">31</font></span><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">日</span></chsdate /><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">联合国大会通过了《<span style=\"COLOR: #993300\">联合国反腐败公约</span>》，《<span style=\"COLOR: #993300\">国际反腐败公约</span>》，性贿赂写入国家法律势在必然”，因为<span style=\"COLOR: blue\">“按照该公约标准，只要接受了不该接受的利益就构成贿赂”。</span>法律的功能是什么？依我这个社会学工作者的观点来看，当某种社会行为普遍地损害或危及到社会利益时，那么，法律就应该去限制它、惩罚它，缩小它对社会的危害性、破坏性。对某种危害社会的现象法律“管不了”时，那么，就要对现时的法律进行反思，就要修改，就要补充，就要发展，就要“有漏洞就改，原则是坚持真理，修改错误”（毛泽东语），这就叫“与时俱进”。一旦法律失去了这一特点，也就失去了活性，不是“活法”，而是“死法”。】</span></font></p>

汉瓦

<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">现摘录几条在《联合国反腐败公约》起草和审议时</span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 黑体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">各国政府提出的提议和意见，或许将有助于我们理解：</span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 黑体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">“预防、腐败、透明、采购、招标”</span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 黑体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">等概念里面的一些含义，或许也将有助于我们理解关于“招标（一种透明的采购制度）”和“预防腐败”的关系联合国到底在说些什么。<span lang=\"EN-US\"><p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\" align=\"left\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 黑体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><p> </p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-layout-grid-align: none\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">“反腐败公约谈判工作特设委员会非正式筹备会议”<span lang=\"EN-US\"><p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-layout-grid-align: none\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">（</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AFPKAN+TimesNewRoman; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">2001年12月4日-7日，</span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">布宜诺斯艾利斯）</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: \"Sim Hei\"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><p /></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: \"Sim Hei\"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">日本<span lang=\"EN-US\"><p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: \"Sim Hei\"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">二</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AFPKAN+TimesNewRoman; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">&#46; </span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: \"Sim Hei\"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">供审议的要点<span lang=\"EN-US\"> <p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24&#46;1pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\"><b><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: \"AFPKGJ+TimesNewRoman,Bold\"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">A&#46; </span></b><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: \"Sim Hei\"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">预防</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: \"ST Zhongsong\"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><p /></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: \"ST Zhongsong\"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">3政府采购和补贴 <p /></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AFPKAN+TimesNewRoman; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">10&#46; </span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: \"Sim Sun\"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">可拟订措施，以确</span><u><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: \"Sim Sun\"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">保涉及政府采购</span></u><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: \"Sim Sun\"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">、补贴、授权和核准的</span><u><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: \"Sim Sun\"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">程序的透明度和公正性。</span></u><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: \"Sim Sun\"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><p /></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: \"Sim Hei\"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">斯里兰卡<span lang=\"EN-US\"><p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">虽然斯里兰卡总体上同意代表不同的国家组发言的各位代表所阐述的观点，但希望强调以下几点：<span lang=\"EN-US\"><p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\" align=\"left\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">(e) </span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">一些代表团认为，预防包括促进廉正、透明度和善政。预防还可包括制定行为或道德守则、建立高效公正的公务员队伍和关于为政党筹资的有效制度、设立独立的监督机构、自由而透明的传媒、<u><span style=\"COLOR: red\">制定透明的政府采购规则</span></u>、财务制度的有效管控、建立独立的司法系统和有效地实行法治。预防还应解决与腐败有关的社会和经济问题。还应强调社会各界参与预防腐败和提高公众认识的问题。<span lang=\"EN-US\"><p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: \"Sim Hei\"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">阿根廷<span lang=\"EN-US\"><p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 黑体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">提议列入联合国反腐败公约草案的要素：<span lang=\"EN-US\"><p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\" align=\"left\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">4&#46; </span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 黑体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">实施在公共订约中提高透明度和更加妥善地使用公款的系统<span lang=\"EN-US\"><p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\" align=\"left\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">9&#46; </span><u><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: \"Sim Sun\"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">阿根廷赞同建立能使市场活动成员广泛参与订约过程的机制。这种系统应当在从编写招标书直到挑选承包人的各个阶段都起作用。在订约过程中，必须优先考虑充分的宣传，以便确保投标中有尽可能广泛的竞争。</span></u><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><p /></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 华文楷体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">载有与这一点有关的规定的国际文书：<span lang=\"EN-US\"><p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\" align=\"left\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">(a) </span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">《美洲反腐败公约》（第三条）；<span lang=\"EN-US\"><p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">(b) </span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">欧洲委员会关于《打击腐败二十项指导原则》的第</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">(97)24 </span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">号决议（第</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">15 </span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">段）。<span lang=\"EN-US\"><p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: \"Sim Hei\"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">墨西哥<span lang=\"EN-US\"><p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 黑体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">建议的反腐败公约草案<span lang=\"EN-US\"><p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 黑体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">为了与联合国和国际社会成员合力加强反腐败的力度墨西哥政府荣幸地提出一项关于未来联合国反腐败公约的实质性内容的提案不过墨西哥保留在其认为适宜时对该提案进行改编或修正的权利以进一步完善该提案</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><p /></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">第<span lang=\"EN-US\">24 条 预防措施<p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">为本公约第</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">1 </span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">条所述之目的缔约国应考虑在其本国的机构体系内采取立法行政或其他措施以建立保持和加强<span lang=\"EN-US\"><p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\" align=\"left\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">h </span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">确保公开公正和有效的国家公务员聘用制度</span><u><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: \"Sim Sun\"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">以及货物和服务采购制度这些制度应考虑尽可能严格限制赋予公职人员在作出行政授权和决定方面的酌处权以及严格监控现有的酌处权的机制。</span></u><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><p /></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: \"Sim Hei\"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">土耳其：<span lang=\"EN-US\"><p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: \"Sim Hei\"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">拟议的联合国反腐败公约草案<span lang=\"EN-US\"> <p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: \"ST Kaiti\"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">第</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: BBBBOA+TimesNewRoman; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">6</span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: \"ST Kaiti\"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">条 反腐败措施 <span lang=\"EN-US\"><p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: BBBBOA+TimesNewRoman; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">1&#46; </span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: \"Sim Sun\"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">除本公约第</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: BBBBOA+TimesNewRoman; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">5</span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: \"Sim Sun\"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">条所列各项措施外，各缔约国均应在符合其法律制度的情况下，尽可能采取必要的立法、行政和其他有效措施，以促进廉洁奉公，并预防、调查和惩治腐败行为。<span lang=\"EN-US\"> <p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: BBBBOA+TimesNewRoman; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">2&#46; </span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: \"Sim Sun\"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">各缔约国均应采取一切必要的措施，包括使其公共机构具备独立性，以使它们能够采取本条第</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: BBBBOA+TimesNewRoman; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">1</span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: \"Sim Sun\"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">款所述有效措施和进行有效的地方检查。<span lang=\"EN-US\"> <p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: BBBBOA+TimesNewRoman; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">3&#46; </span><u><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: \"Sim Sun\"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">各缔约国均应通过必要的法规，以确保公共资产和服务采购、投标法和一切公共开支方面的透明，从而预防腐败并针对腐败采取必要的措施。</span></u><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: \"Sim Sun\"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"> <p /></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: BBBBOA+TimesNewRoman; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">4&#46; </span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: \"Sim Sun\"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">为预防腐败，各缔约国均应采取必要的立法和行政措施，使公职人员和作为公共事务当事方的私人和法律实体定期向国家申报其所获得的资产和所得。<span lang=\"EN-US\"><p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\" align=\"left\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 黑体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><p> </p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-layout-grid-align: none\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">反腐败公约谈判特设委员会第一届会议<span lang=\"EN-US\"><p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-layout-grid-align: none\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">（<span lang=\"EN-US\">2002 年1月21日至2月1 日，维也纳）<p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: \"Sim Hei\"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">奥地利和荷兰、法国<span lang=\"EN-US\"><p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">提交的案文：<span lang=\"EN-US\"><p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 华文楷体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">第</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">8 </span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 华文楷体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">条<span lang=\"EN-US\"><p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 华文楷体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">公共采购和公共财务管理<span lang=\"EN-US\"><p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\" align=\"left\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">1&#46; </span><u><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: \"Sim Sun\"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">各缔约国</span></u><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">均应采取必要步骤</span><u><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: \"Sim Sun\"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">制定</span></u><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">建立在透明、公开和竞争基础上的</span><u><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: \"Sim Sun\"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">采购规则。</span></u><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><p /></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">这类规则应尤其包括：<span lang=\"EN-US\"><p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\" align=\"left\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">(a) </span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">公开分发关于投标和给予合同的资料；<span lang=\"EN-US\"><p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\" align=\"left\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">(b) </span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">使用含有适当临界值的预定客观甄选标准和投标规则；及<span lang=\"EN-US\"><p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\" align=\"left\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">(c) </span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">要求在客观和透明的理由基础上作出公共采购决定，以便利随后核查是否正确适用这些规则。<span lang=\"EN-US\"><p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: \"Sim Sun\"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><p> </p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-layout-grid-align: none\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">反腐败公约谈判工作特设委员会第五届会议<span lang=\"EN-US\"><p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-layout-grid-align: none\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">（</span><chsdate isrocdate=\"False\" islunardate=\"False\" day=\"10\" month=\"3\" year=\"2003\"><span lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">2003 年3 月1</span></span></chsdate><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">0 日至21 日，维也纳）<p /></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: \"Sim Hei\"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">联合国反腐败公约修订草案<span lang=\"EN-US\"><p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 华文楷体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">第</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">8 </span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 华文楷体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">条（</span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">注）<span lang=\"EN-US\"><p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 华文楷体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">公共采购和公共财务管理</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">93<p /></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\" align=\"left\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">1&#46; </span><u><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: \"Sim Sun\"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">各缔约国</span></u><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">均应根据本国法律制度的基本原则采取必要步骤，</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">[</span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">酌情</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">]</span><u><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: \"Sim Sun\"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">制定</span></u><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">建立在决策过程透明、竞争和客观标准基础上并规定适当限值的</span><u><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: \"Sim Sun\"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">采购规则</span></u><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">。这类规则应当尤其包括：<span lang=\"EN-US\"><p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\" align=\"left\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">(a) </span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">广泛公开分发关于招标和中标的资料，让潜在的投标人有充分的时间准备和提交标书；<span lang=\"EN-US\"><p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\" align=\"left\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">(b) </span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">采用透明和事先向公众包括向潜在投标人公开的预定和客观的甄选和决标标准以及投标规则；<span lang=\"EN-US\"><p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\" align=\"left\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">(c) </span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">要求依据客观和透明的理由作出公共采购决定，以便利随后核查这些规则是否得到了正确适用；<span lang=\"EN-US\"><p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\" align=\"left\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">(d) </span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">各缔约国建立有效的上诉制度，确保在依照本款制定的规则未得到遵守时进行法律申诉和补救；<span lang=\"EN-US\"><p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\" align=\"left\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">(e) </span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">对有关负责采购的人员的事务进行规范的措施，如利益关系的申报、甄选程序和培训要求。</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 黑体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><p /></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10&#46;5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font size=\"3\">注：一些代表团要求与世界贸易组织针对属于本条所涉问题所使用的术语保持一致。有些代表团指出有必要规定本条中采购标准的例外情况。例如，这些代表团提到对于小额采购需有灵活性。在特设委员会第三届会议二读案文草案时，一些代表团还表示本条应当为与国家安全有关的采购标准规定例外情况。<span lang=\"EN-US\"><p /></span></font></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><p> </p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">补充：</span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">《联合国反腐败实践纪要》</span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">提到的九项“</span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体\">有助于反腐政策的法律</span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体\">”中的一项就包括“</span><u><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: \"Sim Sun\"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">提高公共采购透明度</span></u><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体\">的法律”<span lang=\"EN-US\"><p /></span></span></p><p />

plumliu

感谢 qinglong 网友对两个问题发人深思的回复，很高兴 Laochan 认为上述两个问题是讨论的焦点，gzztitc 转发的反腐文章对于研究上述问题也很有帮助。对此问题，还请 Laochan、汉瓦及各位网友继续关注和讨论，我们在此学习了 [s:1]

gzztitc

<p>请大家在关注国际上反腐败问题的同时，关注一下国内专家的研究。</p><p>本人将转发“邵道生反腐败的长篇文章《<span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-bidi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-font-kerning: 1&#46;0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12&#46;0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA\"><strong>剧变社会期的中国腐败问题》</strong></span></p><p><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-bidi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-font-kerning: 1&#46;0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12&#46;0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA\"><strong>请看链接：</strong></span></p><p><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-bidi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-font-kerning: 1&#46;0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12&#46;0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA\"><a href=\"read&#46;php?tid=19300&page=e&#a\">http://bbs&#46;chinabidding& ... p;page=e&amp;#a</a></span></p>

Laochan

<p>

引用第1楼plumliu于2008-10-27 11:12发表的: 从楼主和Laochan关于《联合国反腐公约》解说的贴子中，我们不难看到，有个问题需要思考： 究竟是因为（招标）采购制度能够预防腐败，所以需要建立（招标）采购制度？ 还是“（招标）采购是容易产生腐败的，我们要建立对预防腐败特别有效的（招标）采购制度。”

</p><p /><p><font color=\"#ff0000\" size=\"4\"><strong>你提出的问题非常好，非常准确！你把双方讨论的问题焦点点出来了！</strong></font></p>

goldseason

1、因为（招标）采购制度能够预防腐败，所以需要建立（招标）采购制度？

2、“（招标）采购是容易产生腐败的，我们要建立对预防腐败特别有效的（招标）采购制度。”


这两个问题确实比较重要。

汉瓦

<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312\">《联合国反腐败公约》制定的目的——预防腐败<span lang=\"EN-US\"><p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312\">预防腐败要有预防措施——第二章预防措施<span lang=\"EN-US\"><p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312\">在“公共采购”中的预防措施——建立适当的采购制度（貌似包含招标）——第九条<span lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">  </span>公共采购和公共财政管理<p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312\">“适当采购制度”的“最低限值”内容——（一）<span lang=\"EN-US\">~（四）(更类似我们所说的招标了)<p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312\"><p> </p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312\">综上所述，我们是不是可以这样理解：为了预防腐败，联合国制定《反腐败公约》，提出了具体的预防措施，明确了在公共采购中应当建立适当的采购措施，包括实行象“招标”那样的采购措施。<span lang=\"EN-US\"><p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312\">——这不是在说招标的目的之一是为了预防腐败吗？<span lang=\"EN-US\"><p /></span></span></p>

qinglong

引用第1楼plumliu于2008-10-27 11:12发表的:
从楼主和Laochan关于《联合国反腐公约》解说的贴子中，我们不难看到，有个问题需要思考： 究竟是因为（招标）采购制度能够预防腐败，所以需要建立（招标）采购制度？ 还是“（招标）采购是容易产生腐败的，我们要建立对预防腐败特别有效的（招标）采购制度。”

采购本身，动辄占到发达国家GDP20%以上，数额巨大，自然利益也巨大，在争夺利益的同时，腐败的可能随之增加，因为利益毕竟有限，竞争一激烈，什么手段都有可能出现，包括腐败甚至是暴力，这已经为许多事实所证明

而为了能提高采购资金的运用效率，自然需要建立规范的采购制度。规范的采购制度，注意是“规范”采购制度（中国的四不像采购制度，个人认为不在之列），规范的体现之一必然包含能事先预防腐败，事中中止腐败，事后惩治腐败，统称反腐，否则仅是制度于中国而言更多是皇帝的新装罢了

plumliu

<p>从楼主和Laochan关于《联合国反腐公约》解说的贴子中，我们不难看到，有个问题需要思考： </p><p>究竟是因为（招标）采购制度能够预防腐败，所以需要建立（招标）采购制度？ </p><p>还是“（招标）采购是容易产生腐败的，我们要建立对预防腐败特别有效的（招标）采购制度。” </p>