联合国说：招标的目的之一是预防腐败

gzztitc

两位“大侠”：

还是重点讨论问题比较好。

别太注意翻译的词语；许多表达的不是很准的。

plumliu

<p>Each State Party shall, in accordance with the fundamental principles of its legal system, take the necessary steps to establish appropriate systems of procurement, based on transparency, competition and objective criteria in decision-making, that are effective, inter alia, in preventing corruption&#46; </p><p>此句可否这样理解：</p><p>各缔约国均应当根据本国法律制度的基本原则采取必要的措施，建立以透明度、竞争和按客观标准决定为基础的适当的采购制度，尤其是对于预防腐败特别有效的采购制度。 </p><p>个人理解，“ inter alia, in preventing corruption&#46;（尤其是预防腐败）”是对采购制度的补充说明和强调，是补语。 </p>

Laochan

<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center\" align=\"center\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 22pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体\">联合国到底是怎么说的？<span lang=\"EN-US\"></span></span></b></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"COLOR: black\"></span><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"COLOR: black\"></span><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black\"></span><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 31&#46;5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;25\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">汉瓦先生著文称：</span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">“</span><strong><span class=\"tpctitle1\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana\">联合国说：招标的目的之一是预防腐败”</span></span><span class=\"tpctitle1\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana\">。联合国是这样说的吗？</span></span><span class=\"tpctitle1\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana\"></span></span></strong></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 31&#46;5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;25\" align=\"left\"><span class=\"tpctitle1\"><span style=\"FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold\">让我们先来看看</span></span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana\">《联合国反腐公约》的英文版是怎么说的。由于英语不是老朽的母语，也来分析一下句子成分。也作为对</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana\">11</span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana\">楼</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana\">plumliu</span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana\">的回复。</span><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black\"></span></b></p><p /><p><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana\">Each State </span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\"> </span><u style=\"text-underline: red\">arty</u></span><u style=\"text-underline: red\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; COLOR: red; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana\"><font face=\"宋体\">（主语）</font></span></u><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana\"> <span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\"> </span></span><u style=\"text-underline: double\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana\">shall</span></u><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana\">, in accordance with the fundamental principles of its legal system,</span><u style=\"text-underline: red double\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana\"> take</span></u><u style=\"text-underline: red double\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; COLOR: red; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana\"><font face=\"宋体\">（与情态动词</font></span></u><u style=\"text-underline: red double\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana\">shall</span></u><u style=\"text-underline: red double\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; COLOR: red; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana\"><font face=\"宋体\">构成复合谓语）</font></span></u><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana\"> <span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\"> </span><u style=\"text-underline: red dash\"><span lang=\"EN-US\">the</span></u><span lang=\"EN-US\"> necessary<u style=\"text-underline: red dash\"> </u></span></span><u style=\"text-underline: red dash\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana\">steps</span></u><u style=\"text-underline: red dash\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; COLOR: red; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana\"><font face=\"宋体\">（宾语）</font></span></u><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana\"> </span><u style=\"text-underline: blue wave\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\"> </span><span lang=\"EN-US\">to establish</span></span></u><u style=\"text-underline: blue wave\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana\"> </span></u><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana\">appropriate </span><u style=\"text-underline: blue wave\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana\">systems</span></u><u style=\"text-underline: blue wave\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; COLOR: blue; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana\"><font face=\"宋体\">（宾语补足语）</font></span></u><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana\"> of procurement, based on transparency, competition and objective criteria in decision-making, that are effective, inter alia, in preventing corruption&#46; </span></p><p /><p style=\"MARGIN-LEFT: 60pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 60&#46;0pt\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore\"><font size=\"3\">一、</font><span style=\"FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-VARIANT: normal\">        </span></span></span><span style=\"COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana\"><font face=\"宋体\" size=\"3\">在上述句子中，</font></span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana\">systems </span><font size=\"3\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span style=\"COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana\">有４个定语：</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana\"></span></font></font></p><p /><p style=\"MARGIN-LEFT: 24pt\"><span style=\"COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana\"><font face=\"宋体\" size=\"3\">１．形容词</font></span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana\">Appropriate</span><font face=\"宋体\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana\">作前置定语；</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana\"></span></font></p><p /><p style=\"MARGIN-LEFT: 24pt\"><font size=\"3\"><span style=\"COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana\"><font face=\"宋体\">２．介词短语</font></span><span style=\"COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana\"> </span></font><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana\">of procurement</span><font size=\"3\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana\"> </span><font face=\"宋体\"><span style=\"COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana\">作后置定语；</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana\"></span></font></font></p><p /><p style=\"MARGIN-LEFT: 24pt\"><span style=\"COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana\"><font face=\"宋体\" size=\"3\">３．分词短语　</font></span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana\">based on transparency, competition and objective criteria in decision-making</span><font size=\"3\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span style=\"COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana\">　作后置定语；</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana\"></span></font></font></p><p /><p style=\"MARGIN-LEFT: 24pt\"><span style=\"COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana\"><font face=\"宋体\" size=\"3\">４．定语从句　</font></span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana\">that are effective, inter alia, in preventing corruption</span><font size=\"3\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span style=\"COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana\">　作后置定语。</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana\"></span></font></font></p><p /><p style=\"MARGIN-LEFT: 24&#46;05pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-para-margin-left: 2&#46;29gd\"><font size=\"3\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span style=\"COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana\">这个后置的定语从句可以作进一步的句子成分分析：</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana\"></span></font></font></p><p /><p style=\"MARGIN-LEFT: 24&#46;05pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-para-margin-left: 2&#46;29gd\"><span style=\"COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana\"><font face=\"宋体\" size=\"3\">　</font></span><u style=\"text-underline: red\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana\">that</span></u><u style=\"text-underline: red\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; COLOR: red; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana\"><font face=\"宋体\">（主语，关系代词</font></span></u><u style=\"text-underline: red\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana\">that</span></u><u style=\"text-underline: red\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; COLOR: red; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana\"><font face=\"宋体\">在从句中做主语）</font></span></u><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana\"> <span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\"> </span><u style=\"text-underline: red double\"><span lang=\"EN-US\">are effective</span></u></span><u style=\"text-underline: red double\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; COLOR: red; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana\"><font face=\"宋体\">（复合谓语，由联系动词</font></span></u><u style=\"text-underline: red double\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana\">be</span></u><u style=\"text-underline: red double\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; COLOR: red; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana\"><font face=\"宋体\">和表语构成复合谓语）</font></span></u><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana\">, <u style=\"text-underline: blue dotted\">inter alia</u></span><u style=\"text-underline: blue dotted\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; COLOR: blue; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana\"><font face=\"宋体\">（插入语）</font></span></u><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana\">, <u style=\"text-underline: blue dotted\">in preventing corruption</u></span><u style=\"text-underline: blue dotted\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana\">(</span></u><u style=\"text-underline: blue dotted\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; COLOR: blue; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana\"><font face=\"宋体\">介词短语作状语</font></span></u><u style=\"text-underline: blue dotted\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana\">)</span></u><u style=\"text-underline: blue dotted\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana\">&#46;</span></u><font size=\"3\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span style=\"COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana\">　</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana\"></span></font></font></p><p /><p style=\"TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 3&#46;0\"><font size=\"3\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span style=\"COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana\">二、上述这段文字的中文版（请注意，是中文版，不是译文）是：</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana\"></span></font></font></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 8&#46;9pt; TEXT-INDENT: 26&#46;9pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;24; mso-para-margin-left: &#46;85gd\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">“各缔约国均应当根据本国法律制度的基本原则采取必要步骤，建立对预防腐败特别有效的以透明度、竞争和按客观标准决定为基础的适当的采购制度。”</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%\"></span></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 8&#46;9pt; TEXT-INDENT: 26&#46;9pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;24; mso-para-margin-left: &#46;85gd\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">我们可以看到，中文版和英文版是完全一致的。在制度（</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana\">systems</span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana\">）一词前也有４个定语：</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana\"></span></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 68&#46;75pt; TEXT-INDENT: -28&#46;5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 68&#46;75pt\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore\">１．</span></span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana\">适当的</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana\">Appropriate</span></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 68&#46;75pt; TEXT-INDENT: -28&#46;5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 68&#46;75pt\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">２．<span style=\"FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-VARIANT: normal\">   </span></font></span></span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">采购</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana\">of procurement</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%\"></span></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 68&#46;75pt; TEXT-INDENT: -28&#46;5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 68&#46;75pt\" align=\"left\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">３．<span style=\"FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-VARIANT: normal\">   </span></font></span></span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">以透明度、竞争和按客观标准决定为基础的</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana\">based on transparency, competition and objective criteria in decision-making</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%\"></span></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 68&#46;75pt; TEXT-INDENT: -28&#46;5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 68&#46;75pt\" align=\"left\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">４．<span style=\"FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-VARIANT: normal\">   </span></font></span></span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">对预防腐败特别有效的</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana\">that are effective, inter alia, in preventing corruption</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%\"></span></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana\">　　</span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana\">　只是汉语中全都是前置定语，汉语一般不用后置定语。</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%\"></span></p><p /><p style=\"MARGIN-LEFT: 8&#46;9pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;25; mso-para-margin-left: &#46;85gd\"><font size=\"3\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span style=\"COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana\">鉴于上述分析，我们不难得出结论：《联合国反腐公约》是说，要建立能够有效预防腐败的采购制度，而不是说，建立采购制度是为了有效预防腐败。就招标采购而言，是说，招标采购制度要能够有效预防腐败，而不是说，建立招标采购制度是为了有效预防腐败。再说得更明白一些：（招标）采购是容易产生腐败的，我们要建立对预防腐败特别有效的（招标）采购制度。</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana\"></span></font></font></p><p /><p style=\"MARGIN-LEFT: 8&#46;9pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;25; mso-para-margin-left: &#46;85gd\"><font size=\"3\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span style=\"COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana\">实际上，中国的招标采购制度并没有做到《联合国反腐公约》的要求，“对预防腐败特别有效”。恰恰相反，中国的招标采购，腐败现象屡见不鲜。虚假招标更是触目惊心！这难道不值得人们反思吗？</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana\"></span></font></font></p><p /><p style=\"TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 3&#46;0\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana\"></span><p /></p><p><font size=\"3\"> </font></p></p><p><font face=\"Times New Roman\"> </font></p></p><p><font face=\"Times New Roman\" size=\"3\"> </font></p></p><p><font face=\"Times New Roman\" size=\"3\"> </font></p>

汉瓦

感谢12楼很详细的说明。

还是不明白，为什么要用“对预防腐败特别有效的”的定语，而不用“对预防腐败特别关注的”或“对预防腐败特别重视的”等类似定语？
是不是可以这样理解：有效=有效果=有作用？

plumliu

感谢Laochan的详细分析，学习了 [s:1]

汉瓦

<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">在现代英语研究中，定语从句的功能和汉译历来是英语学者认真研究和探讨的一个课题。根据我国传统的翻译理论“相似”和西方翻译理论“对等”的原则，英语的定语从句理应翻译成汉语的定语从句。但是实际情况却不是这样的，在非法律文本中大量的英语定语从句在翻译为汉语时，常转换为状语从句。对于英语中具有状语职能的定语从句，我们应当从原文的上下文或字里行间发现其与主句的逻辑关系，并进行理解。具体地说，理解原文文意时，可根据句子在全文中的语义功能理解为表示原因、结果、目的、让步、条件、时间、地点等的状语从句。</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt\"></span></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">问题就出在这个定语从句中：<span lang=\"EN-US\"></span></span></b></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><u style=\"text-underline: red\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">that</span></u><u style=\"text-underline: red\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">（主语，关系代词</span></u><u style=\"text-underline: red\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">that</span></u><u style=\"text-underline: red\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">在从句中做主语<span lang=\"EN-US\">,）</span></span></u><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">  </span><u style=\"text-underline: red double\">are effective</u></span><u style=\"text-underline: red double\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">（复合谓语，由联系动词</span></u><u style=\"text-underline: red double\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">be</span></u><u style=\"text-underline: red double\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">和表语构成复合谓语）</span></u><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">, <u style=\"text-underline: blue dotted\">inter alia</u></span><u style=\"text-underline: blue dotted\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">（插入语<span lang=\"EN-US\">&#46;来源拉丁语,作强调用）</span></span></u><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">, <u style=\"text-underline: blue dotted\">in preventing corruption</u></span><u style=\"text-underline: blue dotted\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">(</span></u><u style=\"text-underline: blue dotted\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">介词短语作状语</span></u><u style=\"text-underline: blue dotted\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">)</span></u><u style=\"text-underline: blue dotted\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">&#46;</span></u><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">　</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"></span></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">1</span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">、从</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">12</span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">楼</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">Laochan</span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">详尽的分析看，这个定语从句确实是</span><u style=\"text-underline: red\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">修饰先行词</span></u><u style=\"text-underline: blue wave\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana\">systems</span></u><u style=\"text-underline: blue wave\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana\">的。</span></u><u style=\"text-underline: blue wave\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana\"></span></u></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">2</font></span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">、但是，英语的定语从句与汉语中的定语还有一个不同的地方，那就是，英语中有些定语从句和主句关系不密切，它<span style=\"COLOR: red\">从语法上看是修饰定语从句的先行词的，但实际上限定作用不强，而是修饰主句的谓语或全句的，起状语作用。</span>也就是说</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,</font></span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">这个定语从句兼有状语从句的职能，在意义上与主句有状语关系，表明目的关系。在这种情况下要准确理解英语原文，必须先弄清楚逻辑关系。</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt\"></span></p><p /><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">例：</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt\"></span></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">（1）He is collecting authentic material that proves his argument&#46;</font></span></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">直译：</span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">他正在收集证明他观点的</span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">确凿的材料。</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt\"></span></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">意译或人们理解可以这样：<span style=\"COLOR: blue\">为了证明他的论点，他正在收集确凿的材料以。</span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"><span style=\"COLOR: blue\"><font color=\"#000000\">（2） Steel parts are usually covered with grease, with which they  may not rust&#46;<br />    钢零件通常用润滑油覆盖，以免生锈。</font><br />    句中由with which引导的定语从句可以理解为目的状语从句：lest they may rust。</span></span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"></span></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">3</font></span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">、从另一方面，语法知识又告诉我们，<span style=\"COLOR: blue\">带逗号的关系从句（非限定性从句），</span>似乎如</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">11</font></span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">楼所理解的那样，他们提供补充信息，整句可以略去而不影响主句意思的完整。与<span style=\"COLOR: blue\">不带逗号的从句（限定性从句）</span>性质不一样，不能略去，他们提供宾语的重要信息。当然引导词</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">that</font></span><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \">似乎又带给人们新的困惑，那么这个从句还是定语从句吗？</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \"></span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt\"></span></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><span lang=\"EN-US\"></span></p><p /><p><font face=\"Times New Roman\" size=\"3\"> </font></p><p /><p><font face=\"宋体\">——老汉水平有限，不知道理解得对不对？还望批评指正。</font></p>

pet2pet

联合国说能防腐就能防腐？

联合国说要防腐，就可以做到防腐？

bidboy

很佩服Laochan和汉瓦的研究精神。
但是注意这里面是appropriate systems of procurement（采购制度），并非说procurement method（采购方式）。那么对于不同的采购方式腐败的程度，表现形式都是不一样的，所以针对不同的采购方式应制定不同的防腐败的制度。

汉瓦

<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312\">参考阅读：</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312\">在西方法治国家，法官们都是咬文嚼字的高手<span lang=\"EN-US\"><p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312\"><p> </p></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312\">“咬文嚼字”在中文语境里，往往与书呆子或吹毛求疵甚至深文周纳联系起来。不过，在西方法治国家，法官判案要说出坚实律法理由，律法文字须与案情严密匹配，法官往往就要咬文嚼字。特别是某些变动很少的根本大法，比如美国宪法自公布以来，虽有二十多条修正案，主体文字却未动过，如何从二百二十年前的旧文字，读出疏理今日新争论的大旨细则，很是考验法官的文字功夫。所以美国最高法院的大法官们，个个都是咬文嚼字的高手。<span lang=\"EN-US\"><p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312\">今年<span lang=\"EN-US\">6月底，美国最高法院以五比四的投票结果裁决：美国宪法第二修正案明文规定，宪法保护美国公民的个人拥枪自卫权。禁枪还是持枪，在美国是全社会性的激烈争论。凶案屡起而爱枪不止，国人对这一美国独特现象也非常好奇。中国人通常都是禁枪派，但是，就连《华盛顿邮报》一位支持禁枪的黑人专栏作者也承认：最高法院的裁决，至少从宪法字面意义来看，是有道理的。<p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312\">美国宪法第二修正案只有一句话：“管理良好的民兵是保障自由州的安全所必需的，因此人民持有和携带武器的权利不得侵犯”——这是前辈译家的标准译文，似乎明言个人拥有持枪权，但原文其实没有“因此”一词，因此在美国就衍生很多争论。<span lang=\"EN-US\"><p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312\">左翼禁枪派认为，宪法规定的是公民参加“民兵”的权利，要玩枪就去当个本州国民警卫队的“周末战士”，平日干本行，每月参加一个周末的军训，再加一年两周的集中演练。保守的持枪派则认为，宪法赋予公民必要时以暴力保卫自由的权利，个人买枪佩枪天经地义。<span lang=\"EN-US\"><p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312\">美国最高法院这次裁决说：第二修正案其实是个“因为……所以……”结构，逗号前半句，就是允许公民持枪的目的（之一），修正案可以改写为“因为管理良好的民兵是保障自由州的安全所必需的，所以人民持有和携带武器的权利不得侵犯”——可见前辈译家译得相当准确。法律条文常常不写“因为”和“所以”字样，如此文体更形庄重。刘邦与父老约法三章，“杀人者死”，严峻简洁，有王者气象。说成“因为你杀了人，所以你也要死”，就是轻薄儿调侃死刑犯了。<span lang=\"EN-US\"><p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312\">而且美国宪法前十条修正案合成所谓的“权利法案”，另外九条都是谈个人权利，怎么可能单有第二修正案是谈参加“民兵”后才拥有的集体权利？最高法院的意见，就是以六十四页的篇幅，就历史和当时的语境，包括引用语言学家的资料，说明美国建国之父所指的肯定是一种个人权利。第二修正案中的“民兵”一词<span lang=\"EN-US\">militia，从前还有个现已不用的含义：全体适龄男子——未必专指民兵组织。第二修正案说白了就是男人还有点气力的都该搞把枪，为了保卫自由。<p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312\">我们或许以为美国爱枪者都是赳赳武夫，实际上什么人都有。这次打到最高法院的官司，是关于首府华盛顿市的禁佩手枪法规。市内不准带枪，在市里上班但家住附近弗吉尼亚州的白领，就发起“公开佩枪”（<span lang=\"EN-US\">Open Carry）运动，经常在公园聚众联谊。不少还是美女，佩枪是为了吓唬某些居心不良的男人。<p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312\">问她带的什么枪，白郎宁还是雷蒙顿，她就张开双臂，把身子转过来——这是他们的规矩，佩枪活动时不可拔枪——给你看贴在丰满臀部上的小手枪。很曼妙，很可爱。<span lang=\"EN-US\"><p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312\">最高法院枪权多数意见为大法官安东宁·斯卡利亚（<span lang=\"EN-US\">Antonin Scalia）所撰，舆论称为此公二十二年大法官生涯的最重要裁决。如果你听美国左翼人士谈斯卡利亚，那简直是最高的赞赏：我们要有自己的斯卡利亚，奥巴马当总统后，要提名一位进步势力的斯卡利亚当大法官！他们羡慕保守派有斯卡利亚这样周密论述困难问题的特级好手，咬文咬到你无话可说，嚼字嚼得你感情上难以接受却只能点头称是。<p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312\">不过，语言是活的，变动很复杂，斯卡利亚也有失手之时。那是十多年前一件反垄断案。斯卡利亚说政府有关部门无权限制美国电话电报公司（<span lang=\"EN-US\">AT＆T），因为国会授权法案只允许他们modify有关规定，<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">    </span>这动词意味着轻度变动，而不是他们企图实行的重大改革。斯卡利亚引证了七本词典，从拉丁词根一直讲到现代用法。对方律师不服，说老先生啊，您引用的一本当代词典里，轻度变动（第一义）下面，就是重大改革（第二义）啊！词典专家的多数意见是斯卡利亚这回错了，第一义最常见，但第二义也是允许的。他们还找出了《荒原》作者艾略特（T&#46;S&#46;Eliot）使用第二义的例子。那艾略特是1948诺贝尔文学奖得主，难道他的英文不如你斯卡利亚？<p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312\">虽然词典专家认为斯卡利亚错了，但词典专家只是词典专家，而斯卡利亚是大法官，最高法院判决是终审判决，<span lang=\"EN-US\">AT＆T还是赢了官司。<p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312\">不管是对是错，美国那些争论激烈的政治问题，在我们或许是“姓资”还是“姓社”的问题，甚至是“爱国”还是“卖国”的问题，在大洋那边，最终却上了最高法院的台面。大法官们拿出字典来，然咬文嚼字一番。他们的判决，争论双方未必同意却接受。于是春风化雨，阴霾暂消。<span lang=\"EN-US\"><p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312\">甚至很多禁枪派也觉得最高法院的裁决是好事，为奥巴马的竞选清除了一个棘手问题。说不定会帮助他们最终赢得自己的斯卡利亚呢。<span lang=\"EN-US\"><p /></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-layout-grid-align: none\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312\">（作者为旅外学者）【南方周末】<span lang=\"EN-US\"><p /></span></span></p>

Laochan

<p><font size=\"4\"></font></p><p><font color=\"#0000ff\" size=\"4\">“意译”通常不能完全表达原句的本来语法关系和所要表达的意思。</font></p><font size=\"4\"><p><font color=\"#0000ff\">在翻译中，忠实于原文是第一位的。科技文献和法律文献尤其应该忠实于原文。当没有对应的合适词汇时，可以意译。意译的水平，取决于译者对原文的理解水平。</font></p><p><font color=\"#0000ff\">在本主题中，中文版和英文版《联合国反腐公约》非常一致，无懈可击，表达的意思非常清晰和明确。</font></p><p><font color=\"#0000ff\">我们无需在“但是”上再做文章。</font></p><p /></font>