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<h3 style="MARGIN: auto 0cm; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 22pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体">剥夺招标人定标权<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></h3><h3 style="MARGIN: auto 0cm; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 22pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体">是“公权力”对“私权利”的侵犯<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="center"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 22pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-width: 90%">——兼与汉瓦商榷——<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><p> </p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><p> </p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">Laochan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">按：</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">曹国平（网名<span lang="EN-US">“</span>汉瓦<span lang="EN-US">”</span>）先生发表了《用国家意志的“公权力”规范国资项目的“自主权”》 。这是老朽迄今看到的唯一一篇对老朽的《论定标权的归属》和《评<span lang="EN-US"><</span>招标投标法实施条例（征求意见稿）<span lang="EN-US">></span>第五十五条》（以下简称《第五十五条》）发表不同见解的文章，真是可喜可贺！<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">老朽不是学法律的，对于许多法律术语和概念一窍不通。汉瓦先生给了老朽学习有关法律知识的机会和进一步阐述观点的机会。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">以下是汉瓦先生的原文和老朽的插议。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">蓝色的</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">字体是汉瓦的原文。黑色的字体是老朽的插议。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"><p> </p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"><p> </p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="center"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-width: 90%; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体">（汉瓦原文标题）</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-width: 90%; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体">用国家意志的“公权力”规范国资项目的“自主权”</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><p /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="center"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体">——也谈国资项目的“定标自主权”</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><p /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"><p> </p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Laochan</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">插议：</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">在汉瓦文章的标题中提及“国家意志”、“公权力”、“国资项目”和“自主权”四个术语。老朽学习如下：<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">1.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">关于“国家意志”<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"">国家这个概念实际上含有两个层面的意思，并且有必要加以区分。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><p /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"">其一，是抽象意义上的作为全体公民意志体现的抽象概念的国家。从这个意义上而言，国家就是公共意志，代表全体公民利益，是不会犯错误的。但作为一种抽象概念存在的这种国家，并不能切实履行并实现公共意志的要求。因此，必须将这种意义上国家予以具体化，这就有了具体意义上的国家。这就是实实在在存在于我们身边的国家机关，这是其二。这些国家机关以国家的名义，按照国家（公共意志）的要求管理社会，实现公共意志。这些国家机关实际上代表国家而行为，<span style="COLOR: red">但其行为本身绝对不等同于国家</span>。这些国家机关实际上就是我们所说的公法人，是公法的主体。具体的国家机关作为独立法人有其自己的意志，该意志也就是拟制机关负责机构或者个人的意志。只不过这些意志要受到公共意志的约束。这些国家机关的总和也就成了国家在整体意义上的具体形态。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><p /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><font face="Times New Roman">2.</font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"">关于“公权力”及有关法律术语</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><p /></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">什么是公权力？所谓公权力，系指上述国家机关、政府部门或公务人员所执掌的社会管理权，即，国家和政府部门行使的权<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.zaxue.com/article/4/2007/2007010825183.html" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: windowtext; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><span lang="EN-US">力</span></span></a></span>。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">公权力是公法概念，是一种<span lang="EN-US">“</span>非我权力<span lang="EN-US">”</span>，为国家所掌握并通过国家机构来行使。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">公权力的三种基本权力形态是：立法权、行政权和司法权。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">公</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">权力运行的方式表现为这些国家机构之间及它们与社会个体之间的纵向的、服从的、强制的、命令的关系中的影响力和支配力。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">与公权力相对应的是<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">私权利</b>。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">私权利是私法概念，是一种<span lang="EN-US">“</span>自我权利<span lang="EN-US">”</span>，它为社会个体所享有。</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">社会个体系指自然人、法人及其他社会组织。</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">私权利的运行方式表现为社会个体之间横向的、平等的、自愿的关系中对自由和利益的主张和要求，<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">关于<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">公法</b>和<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">私法</b>的概念。可以从不同的角度给公法和私法下定义。老朽以为，举例说明更为直观和容易理解。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"">公法系指规定公权力关系的法，通常包括宪法、行政法、诉讼法、刑法、军事法等；私法系指规定私权利关系的法，通常特指民商法，例如民法、合同法、公司法、招标投标法、物权法等。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">依据公法享有的权力为公权力，如立法权、司法权、行政权等；依据私法享有的权利为私权利，如经营管理权（包括定标权）、财产权、人身权等。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25" align="left"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">3.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">关于“国资项目”<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">这是汉瓦先生对“使用国有资金或者国家融资的依法必须招标项目”的简称。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">如所周知，国有资金或国家融资的使用，通常是通过“所出资企业”来具体实施的。（</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体">注：国务院，省、自治区、直辖市人民政府，设区的市、自治州级人民政府</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体">履行出资人职责的企业，统称<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">所出资企业</b>。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体">所出资企业系指国有企业、国有控股企业和国有参股企业，以下通称“国有企业”。）<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">依据国务院<span lang="EN-US">378</span>号令</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体">《</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">企业国有资产监督管理暂行条例》规定，“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">所出资企业及其投资设立的企业，享有有关法律、行政法规规定的<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">企业经营自主权</b>。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">” 并要求“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">尊重、维护国有及国有控股企业经营自主权，依法维护企业合法权益，促进企业依法经营管理，增强企业竞争力。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">”这里的“企业经营自主权”即为法学上的“私权利”。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">以国有独资公司为例。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体">（注：</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312">国有独资公司，是指国家单独出资、由国务院或者地方人民政府授权本级人民政府国有资产监督管理机构履行出资人职责的有限责任公司。）</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">《公司法》第六十八条规定，</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"">“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"">国有独资公司设董事会，依照本法第四十七条、第六十七条的规定行使职权。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"">”</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> 《公司法》第六十九条规定，“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"">国有独资公司设经理，由董事会聘任或者解聘。经理依照本法第五十条规定行使职权。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"">”依据这些规定，董事会有</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"">“决定公司的经营计划和投资方案”</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"">的权利，经理有</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"">“<span style="COLOR: red">组织实施公司年度经营计划和投资方案</span>”的权利。《公司法》赋予董事会和经理的这些权利即为法学上的“私权利”。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><p /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial">按照有关规定，“国有单位经营性基本建设大中型项目在建设阶段必须组建项目法人。项目法人可按《公司法》的规定设立有限责任公司（包括国有独资公司）和股份有限公司等形式。”并规定，“实行项目法人责任制，由项目法人对项目的策划、资金筹措、建设实施、生产经营、偿还债和资产的保值增值，<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="COLOR: red">实行全过程负责。</span></b>”即，项目法人要对项目实施的全过程负责，既有责任也有权利，这些权利也是法学上的“私权利”。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><p /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 27.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">4.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial">关于“自主权”</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><p /></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial">国有企业（所出资企业）的经营自主权，在法学上即为法人的“私权利”。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><p /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><p> </p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><p /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><p><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"> </span></p></span></u></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 30.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.57" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana">中国是一个有着几千年人治传统的国家，又具有数千年集体本位思想的潜在影响，致使个体本位和私权利本位意识淡薄，</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">公权力至高无上，没有社会个体自主权利的观念和理论。因而，</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana">公权力侵犯私权利的现象仍时常发生。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><p /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25; tab-stops: 45.0pt" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">新中国成立后，中国长期实行的计划经济体制又一度将公权力推向极致。在以行政管理手段为特征的计划经济体制下，各级行政机关代替<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.studa.net/company/"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><span lang="EN-US">企业</span></span></a></span>做出日常经济活动的微观决策，直接管理企业的产供销活动。由于实行计划经济管理体制<span lang="EN-US">,</span>个体利益被抽象于国家利益之中，由国家作为各方利益的总代表，来进行直接的调度和安排。国家对社会个体的干预在社会主义国家达到了一个顶峰，干预的触角伸入文化领域、经济领域、<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.studa.net/xueke/"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><span lang="EN-US">体育</span></span></a></span>领域乃至家庭领域。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">改革开放以来，中国由计划经济逐渐转向市场经济，并且为了适应经济发展的需要，实行政企分家。与此同时，颁布了以《民法通则》为龙头的一系列民事<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.studa.net/Law/"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><span lang="EN-US">法律</span></span></a></span>和商事法律，如《合同法》、《担保法》、《公司法》、《票据法》、《信托法》、《招标投标法》、《物权法》等。这些法律为社会个体享有私权利提供了法律依据，从此在我国形成了公法与私法、公权力与私权利划分的基本格局。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">然而，由于我国受历史传统的<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.studa.net/"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: red; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><span lang="EN-US">影响</span></span></a></span>太深，加之我国的市场经济是直接由计划经济脱胎而来的，是通过自上而下的改革建立起来的，因此在社会个体领域仍然残存着大量的公权力，使得弱小的私权利时时受到强大的公权力的威胁，结果导致公权力的发达与私权利的萎缩并存，公权力对私权利的践踏与私权利对公权力的依附并存，民众对公权力的膜拜与对私权利的漠视并存。公权力对私权利的侵害与践踏不仅导致了私权利的消隐，也造成了公权力本身的异化与蜕变。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><p /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥">从我国目前公权力与私权利的配置状况来看，二者的矛盾与冲突主要是公权力对私权利的侵蚀所致的公权力的畸形发达与私权利的过度萎缩之间的矛盾。所以，实现公权力与私权利的平衡并以此为基础构建和谐社会的关键在于有效控制公权力的过度膨胀，培育私权利的独立力量。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><p /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥">目前，</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana">公权力公共性能的弱化现象也十分明显，并构成对私权利的侵害。其主要原因是由公权力的腐败产生的，<span style="COLOR: black">通常表现为立法腐败、行政腐败、司法腐败等等，这种公权力的公共性能的弱化会直接或间接导致对私权利的侵害。在现实中，许多做法往往是以牺牲社会个体的权利为代价换取所谓公权力实现的。</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><br /></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana"> 总的来讲，从人类社会历史发展的现实看</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana">公权力始终处于强势的统治地位。因此，在实现法治的进程中，必须对公权力进行限制，对私权利进行保护，使公权力和私权利在权益分配上能达到一个均衡。同时，它应作为我国建设法治国家的重要原则贯彻到我国的立法、守法、执法、司法的各个环节中去，只有这样才能使公权力和私权利行为走向法治化的道路。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><p /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><p> </p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体">（汉瓦原文）《招标投标法实施条例（征求意见稿）》第五十五条有这样规定：“使用国有资金或者国家融资的依法必须招标项目，招标人应当确定排名第一的中标候选人为中标人”。引起业界人士许多热议，姑且称之为“定标权之议”吧。就此笔者也谈点个人看法，与业内人士共同讨论。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-char-indent-count: 2.24" align="left"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Laochan</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">插议：</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">其实，《第五十五条》不是什么新鲜内容，是复制<span lang="EN-US">2001</span>年七部委第<span lang="EN-US">12</span>号令</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥">《评标委员会和评标方法暂行规定》中的第四十八条内容。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><p /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 14pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥"> <span style="COLOR: black"> “第四十八条使用国有资金投资或者国家融资的项目，招标人应当确定排名第一的中标候选人为中标人。排名第一的中标候选人放弃中标、因不可抗力提出不能履行合同，或者招标文件规定应当提交履约保证金而在规定的期限内未能提交的，招标人可以确定排名第二的中标候选人为中标人。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 14pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥"> 排名第二的中标候选人因前款规定的同样原因不能签订合同的，招标人可以确定排名第三的中标候选人为中标人。“<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 14pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥"> <span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体">（汉瓦原文）《宪法》第二条规定“中华人民共和国的一切权力属于人民。”那么，国有，即国家所有权，也即全民所有权，其主体是人民。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><p /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体">相应的 “国有资金”和“国家融资”我们简单的可以理解为 “全民资金”和“全民融资”。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><p /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体">在招标投标领域中，这些“使用国有资金或者国家融资的项目”（本文暂且简称为“国资项目）的招标活动，往往是由特定的一些招标人（法人或其他组织，即国有企事业单位）组织实施的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><p /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体">这些特定的招标人的“定标自主权”，理论上应该是全民享受的权力，我们可以形象地描述：在招标投标活动中的他们，只是被赋予了代表全体人民组织招标的代理权。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><p /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体">因此，国资项目的招标人与非国资项目的招标人，虽然在招标投标活动中是同样的平等民事主体，招标投标的法律法规对他们似乎应该一视同仁的进行规范和调整——“平等对待”，但是，通过上文的诠释和梳理，我们不难发现，其实他们两者作为招标人的类型是有区别的。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体">我们从法学理论中可以知道，“平等原则”在民法理论中有一个弱势意义上的平等对待，主要是强调立法者和司法者在进行利益和负担分配的过程中间，在有足够充分且正当理由的情况下，可以对民事主体进行类型的区分，然后区别对待，被归入同一类别或范畴的人才应当得到平等的‘份额’。这也正是法律价值的一种体现。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><p /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align="left"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><p> </p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align="left"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Laochan</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">插议：</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">如同上述关于“国家意志”中的叙述，汉瓦在这里的概念是抽象的，其逻辑推理也是抽象的。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">关于企业国有资产的管理，<span lang="EN-US">2003</span>年</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">国务院令第<span lang="EN-US">378</span>号</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">《<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">企业国有资产监督管理暂行条例》中规定，</span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">企业国有资产</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">是指国家对企业各种形式的投资和投资所形成的权益，以及依法认定为国家所有的其他权益。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">企业国有资产属于国家所有。国家实行由国务院和地方人民政府分别代表国家履行出资人职责，享有所有者权益，权利、义务和责任相统一，管资产和管人、管事相结合的国有资产管理体制。”</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">并规定，“<span style="COLOR: red">国务院代表国家对关系国民经济命脉和国家安全的大型国有及国有控股、国有参股企业，重要基础设施和重要自然资源等领域的国有及国有控股、国有参股企业，履行出资人职责。”</span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">省、自治区、直辖市人民政府和设区的市、自治州级人民政府分别代表国家对由国务院履行出资人职责以外的国有及国有控股、国有参股企业，履行出资人职责。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><br /></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> <span style="COLOR: black"> “</span><span style="COLOR: red">国务院，省、自治区、直辖市人民政府，设区的市、自治州级人民政府履行出资人职责的企业，以下统称所出资企业。</span><span style="COLOR: black">” “</span><span style="COLOR: red">所出资企业及其投资设立的企业，享有有关法律、行政法规规定的企业经营自主权。</span><span style="COLOR: black">”<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">该条例还规定，</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">国务院，省、自治区、直辖市人民政府，设区的市、自治州级人民政府，分别设立国有资产监督管理机构。国有资产监督管理机构根据授权，依法履行出资人职责，依法对企业国有资产进行监督管理。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">”<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">从上述规定我们可以看到，汉瓦提及的“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体">国家所有权</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体">”、“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体">全民所有权</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体">”、“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体">全民资金</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体">”和“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体">全民融资</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体">”</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">等都是实实在在的，具体的。即：</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">国家实行由国务院和地方人民政府分别代表国家履行出资人职责，具体由</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">国有资产监督管理机构根据授权，依法履行出资人职责，并由履行出资人职责的企业（所出资企业）实施。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">所出资企业及其投资设立的企业，享有有关法律、行政法规规定的企业经营自主权。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">”<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">上述关系如下：<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">国有资产－国家所有－国务院和各级人民政府代表国家履行出资人职责－国有资产监督管理机构根据授权履行出资人职责－所出资企业履行出资人职责，享有企业经营自主权。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><p /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">当所出资企业提出招标项目、进行招标时，理应</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">享有有关法律、行政法规规定的企业经营自主权，其中当然包括招标采购中的定标权。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><p /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><p> </p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体">（汉瓦原文）回过头来，我们再来看目前的招标投标活动的现状，我们分明可以看到“当前，工程建设招投标领域仍然是腐败行为的高发领域。”（国务院十部门颁发的《关于印发贯彻落实<span lang="EN-US">2007</span>年反腐倡廉工作任务进一步加强工程建设招投标监督管理工作意见的通知》中的原话）。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体">基于上述的事实判断，为了防止“全民所有”其实就是“官员所有”的现象发生，而增大腐败发生的概率，《招标投标法实施条例（草案）》第五十五条，作出“使用国有资金或者国家融资的依法必须招标项目，招标人应当确定排名第一的中标候选人为中标人。”这样的规定是有一定的现实背景和法理基础的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><p /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体">我想，即将出台的《招标投标法实施条例》，肯定会对“国资项目”的招投标，作出不同于“非国资项目”的规定，以体现弱势意义上的平等对待。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align="left"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><p> </p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align="left"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Laochan</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">插议：</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">在当今中国，最可怕的腐败不是私权利的腐败，而是公权力的腐败，即，立法腐败、行政腐败和司法腐败。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">同时，法治社会不能因某些人的腐败而剥夺社会个体的基本法定权利。所出资企业的某些人在招标活动中的确有腐败现象，但是，不能因为他们的违法行为而剥夺全体所出资企业的法定定标权。犹如，在我们的国家行政干部中，不乏有腐败者，难道因为他们的存在，就要剥夺全体国家行政干部的领导管理权？<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">至于汉瓦提及的“弱势”，老朽以为，中国的私权利主体（法人个体）在强大的公权力主体（国家行政管理部门）面前，实在是太弱势了，公权力正在侵犯私权利。<span lang="EN-US"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break" /><br style="mso-special-character: line-break" /><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体">（汉瓦原文）国资项目的招标人，其法律赋予的相应“自主权”当然应该充分得到保障，但法律没有明确的“自主权”，我们就不能从简单意义上的“法无禁止不违法”而允许其滥用。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><p /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体">哲人说“权力无不受到限制”，对权力的规范、约束和监督是同权力本身一同被同时“授予”的。缺少一定的规范、约束和监督的权力，很有可能是脱疆野马，更妄谈它的正当性和合法性了，这样的招标人身份恐也无法实现“全体人民”交给他的招标任务，这样的“自主权”，有害无益。这并不是法学意义上的“有罪推断”而是制度设计上的防范手段。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><p /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体">权力的授予、权力的行使，其方式和途径均依照法定原则取得。法定原则本身即是一重要的监督方式。既然《招标投标法》没有明确授予他可以在中标候选人中随意确定中标人的权力，也没有禁止监督部门可以作出确定中标人方式的权利，那么《招标投标法实施条例》作进一步的明确，不是更好了吗？这是国家通过立法手段，“用国家意志的‘公权力’规范国资项目的‘自主权’”，进面达到保障“公权利”的目的。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align="left"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><p> </p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align="left"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Laochan</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">插议：</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">在这里，汉瓦混淆了公权力与私权利的边界。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">公权力的边界是，法不授权不得行，法有授权必须为。这条原则不仅适用于所有的公权力主体，也适用于拥有一定权力的社会组织。这条原则不仅体现在立法中，更是执法、司法、法律监督等法制环节的运作依据。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">《中华人民共和国招标投标法》（以下简称《招标投标法》）第四十条明确规定：</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体">“招标人根据评标委员会提出的书面评标报告和推荐的中标候选人确定中标人。招标人<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">也</span>可以授权评标委员会直接确定中标人。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">” <span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">《招标投标法》的上述规定清清楚楚地表明，由招标人确定中标人，即，定标权归招标人。而且，这个规定是没有附加条件的，即，不管企业的性质或资金性质，都应该执行这个规定。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">请注意，上述规定中</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体">“招标人<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">也</span>可以授权评标委员会直接确定中标人。” </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">其中的</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体">“也可以”</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">三个字充分表明： <span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25" align="left"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">1</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">．招标人通常是不授权评标委员会直接确定中标人的，而是由招标人自己确定中标人的。 <span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25" align="left"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">2</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">．如果由评标委员会直接确定中标人，必须有招标人的授权。没有招标人的授权，评标委员会无权直接确定中标人。 <span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25" align="left"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">3</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">．招标人也可以授权评标委员会直接确定中标人； <span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25" align="left"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">4</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">．招标人是否委托评标委员会直接确定中标人，是招标人的权利，应该由招标人自主决定。任何部门都无权强迫招标人委托评标委员会直接确定中标人，更无权在招标人没有授权的情况下，强制由评标委员会直接确定中标人或由评标委员会变相直接确定中标人。 <span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25" align="left"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">从第五十五条和</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥">七部委</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">2001</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">12</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥">号令的规定</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">中，</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥">我们可以看到：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><p /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25" align="left"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥">．中标候选人的人数为</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">“一至三人”</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥">。当候选人推荐为一人时，招标人还有选择吗？还算是“候选人”吗？显然已经是中标人了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><p /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25" align="left"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥">．规定对候选人</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">“标明排列顺序”，“招标人应当确定排名第一的中标候选人为中标人。”</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥">如此规定，即使候选人为</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">“二至三人”</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥">时，招标人也依然无选择权，也依然无定标权。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><p /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25" align="left"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">3</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">．私法《招标投标法》赋予招标人的私权利——定标权——受到了公权力的侵犯，不仅超越了公权力“法不授权不得行”的边界，还违背了《招标投标法》的规定。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25" align="left"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">4</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">．公权力和私权利的关系是私权利本位。在处理公权力和私权利的关系时，应该是公权力保护私权利，而不应该为了保护公权力而去侵犯私权力，超越公权力的边界。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25" align="left"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><p> </p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体">（汉瓦原文）“国资项目”的资金性质决定了它的招标行为的公共性能，其招标活动的运作十分密切地与公共秩序、公共利益等“公权利”相关联，尤其需要对“自主权”的规范、约束和监督。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><p /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体">当前，招标投标领域存在的许多腐败案件，绝大部分是与“国资项目”招标人的“自主权”滥用有关。立法上对这种“自主权”作适当的约束，不仅不会影响社会的公平和正义，相反会使得“国资项目”招标人在使用“自主权”，履行其“代理人”义务时，更加有“权为民所用，利为民所谋”的自觉心境，这，或许是另一种意义上的“和谐”。长此以往，则国家盛！人民幸！<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align="left"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><p> </p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align="left"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Laochan</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">插议：</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">请注意，所出资企业是</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">履行出资人职责的企业。所出资企业的法定代表人是国有资产监督管理机构委任的，代表国有资产监督管理机构履行出资人职责，也即代表国务院和各级人们政府履行出资人职责。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">如果发现或认为所出资企业的法定代表人在招标活动中有或可能会有腐败行为，应该法办或免其职。正确的做法是，该享有的私法权利应该享有，违法违规者要严加惩处。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-char-indent-count: 3.6" align="left"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 7.5pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">在实施依法治国方略、推进法治的进程中，无论是作为代表国家和政府的公权力，还是作为社会个体的私权利，都有一个如何正确定位和合理配置的问题。从目前公权力与私权利的配置现状来看，公权力处于强盛和支配地位，而私权利大多处于弱小的、被支配的地位。从而，导致公权力与私权利的失衡，社会个体的私权利往往得不到有效保护。所以，应该改变现实生活中的这种强弱不平衡、不对等状态，使两者保持一种平衡。使两者保持平衡、和谐，除在实践上必须做到立法明示、宪法审查、司法校正等对公权力的限制外，其根本就是坚持“法不授权不得行，法有授权必须为。”<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 43.2pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-char-indent-count: 3.6" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">为在招标活动中，合理地配置公权力和私权利的关系，使两者保持平衡、和谐，维护《中华人民共和国招标投标法》的尊严和中国招标的健康发展，结合中国招标的现状，老朽已多次提出建议，</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体">让定标权“三足鼎立”</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">。<span lang="EN-US"> <p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">具体办法如下：<span lang="EN-US"> <p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25" align="left"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">．“三足”为：招标人、评标委员会和行政监管部门。<span lang="EN-US"> <p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25" align="left"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">．定标权分配方案设计为：<span lang="EN-US"> <p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">①评标委员会按照招标文件的规定进行评标，评出中标候选人。中标候选人为</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">－</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">人，必须对候选人的优缺点作出详细的分析和评估。可以排序，也可以不排序。如果招标人要求排序，就必须排序。<span lang="EN-US"> <p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">②一般情况下，招标人在候选人中确定中标人。<span lang="EN-US"> <p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">③招标人也可以要求在候选人以外的投标人中确定中标人。但是，要向行政监管部门提出书面申请，并应说明充分的理由。<span lang="EN-US"> <p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">④行政监管部门在收到招标人的书面申请后，作出是否允许在候选人以外确定中标人的裁决。<span lang="EN-US"> <p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">⑤招标人<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">也</span>可以授权评标委员会直接确定中标人。<span lang="EN-US"> <p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25" align="left"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">．上述</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">条是一个完整的方案。该方案使定标权“三足鼎立”，三方相互制约，三方的定标权都是相对有限的。<span lang="EN-US"> <p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25" align="left"><chsdate w:st="on" isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="26" month="3" year="1993"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">1993</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">年<span lang="EN-US">3</span>月<span lang="EN-US">26</span>日</span></chsdate><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">国务院经贸办发布的《机电设备招标投标指南》中对评标和定标是这样规定的：<span lang="EN-US"> <p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体">“第二十九条 评标<span lang="EN-US"> <br /></span> （一）招标方负责组建评标委员会（以下简称评委会）。评委会由招标方的代表和技术、经济、法律等方面的专家组成，委托方全权代表也可以参加评委会。<span lang="EN-US"> <br /></span> （二）评委会负责评标工作，评委会要全面充分地审阅研究投标文件，认真听取委托方和投标方的意见，有权要求投标方代表对投标文件不明确的地方进行解释。<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"> 评委会综合比较各投标设备性能、质量、价格、交货期和投标方的资信情况等因素，依据“公正、科学、严谨”的原则和标书的要求进行评标，综合评价出中标厂商优选方案。<span lang="EN-US"> <br /></span></b> （三）评标时，对不符合标书要求的投标文件，评委会有权决定其部分废标或全部废标。<span lang="EN-US"> <br /></span> 第三十条 定标<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"> （一）根据评委会提出的中标厂商优选方案，由委托方选定中标厂商。</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><br /></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"> （二）投标方的最低投标报价不能作为中标的保证。”<span lang="EN-US"> <p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25" align="left"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">上述关于评标和定标的规定在中国执行了六年。六年的实践证明，国务院经贸办在文件中对评标和定标的规定是科学合理的，是适用的、实用的、可行的。<span lang="EN-US"> <p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> <p /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 43.2pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-char-indent-count: 3.6" align="left"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><p> </p></span></p> |
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发表于 2008-7-11 10:14:07
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