汉瓦浅说“招标”与“腐败”

汉瓦

<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align="center"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 22pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体">汉瓦浅说“招标”与“腐败”<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体">一、“因招标而产生腐败”是一个错误的感受。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312">政府在不同场合不预余力推广着“招标”，显然，他们看中的不仅仅是招标是一种采购方式，也看中了招标可以为“预防腐败”建功立业的作用。于是乎，不管适合不适合，“招标”在中国的许多交易活动中被强制推行。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312">希望通过招标来“预防腐败”，然而，令人遗憾的是，仿佛事与愿违，腐败却在招标中屡见不鲜。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312">我们似乎感受到了“招标”与“腐败”是一对孪生的兄弟；我们似乎感受到了“腐败”是因为“招标”而生的，因为“招标”的存在才会使“腐败”频发。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312">为什么呢？是招标错了？还是我们政府错了？<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312">如果不考虑细枝末节，谁也没有错！招标没有错！政府也没有错！是我们的感受错了！<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312">当今社会的开放、信息的公开，让我们有了更多了解和细察的“腐败”的机会，但如果我们仍以旧有思绪去感受今天的信息，得出的结论难免会是失真的。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体">二、招标中产生腐败的根源并不在招标本身。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312">招标是一种采购方式。与其它采购方式一样，招标中也一样可能（或可以）产生腐败。其实，推而广之，任何有利益产生的领域都有可能产生腐败。所以说招标中产生腐败的根源并不在于招标本身。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312">从事招标投标的许多人都看到了目前招标中存在的种种腐败现象，于是就有一些人就把腐败归于招标本身，显然这种观点是偏颇的，我个人觉得也是对招标的不公平。因此，对于许多人所说的因为目前的招标制度而产生腐败的观点，我除了深表遗憾外，我还要对招标本身深表同情。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312">招标中确实产生了不少腐败，那如果不招标就没有了腐败吗？转型时期的震荡、粗犷式的高速发展，深刻变化着的不成熟社会，都是腐败频发的诱因。诱因之后的根源或许已有许多专家学者已经或者正在探究清晰了。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312">同样的，把招标人不负责的行为，统统归究于招标制度，也是对招标制度的不公平。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312">任何制度都不可能是完美无缺的，但如果因为这个制度有缺点，就在执行制度时让自己堕落进而产生腐败，都怪罪于这个制度，我看也说不过去。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体">三、招标客观上具有“预防腐败”的功能。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312">招标客观上具有“预防腐败”的功能，招标的二大属性之一说明了招标具有“预防腐败”的功能：一是经济属性，主要体现在节约交易成本和获得优质价廉的采购物上。二是社会属性，主要体现在寻求公平正义的社会秩序和预防腐败上。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312">公开、竞争和监督是招标活动的核心，也因为有了这个核心，客观上才使招标有了“预防腐败”的功能。为此《联合国反腐公约》中的预防措施中特别提到了公共采购应当采用合适的采购制度。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312">招标确实是一种采购方式，但由于它所具有的“预防腐败”的功能，因此，许多强制要求采用招标方式进行的采购活动，或多或少都看中了它的这个功能。由此，我们可以更完整的认为，招标是一种有“预防腐败”功能的采购方式；也由此，我们可以认定，强制招标的目的之一是“预防腐败”。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体">四、招标中众多当事人的分权有利于“预防腐败”。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312">招标采购与直接采购相比，当事人增多，增加了招标机构、评标委员会（成员）、招标监管部门等。各方权力和责任交织、权利和义务制约，使得“一支笔”腐败的概率大大降低。虽然“集中性腐败”会因为这些当事人的成员的增多加之“监管失察”，而成为“分散性腐败”。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312">但是，招标这种预防腐败的作用，不能因为“监管失察”造成的腐败“分散”而抹杀。否则，理论上解释不了为什么几百年来许多国家都在实行的强制招标？实践上也行不通，是“天知地知你知我知”有利于预防腐败，还是“天知地知你知我知，还有他们知”有利于预防腐败？<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312">抛开“政治的”、“社会的”、“国情的”的等各种复杂的“腐败”根源和因素，纯粹从经济学或行为学角度看，招标中当事人的增多，不仅不会削弱“预防腐败”的作用，反而是增加了“预防腐败”的功能。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312">同时，招标程序中众多当事人的“分权”可以改变“绝对的权力产生绝对的腐败”的弊端，有利于“预防腐败”。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体">五、招标的核心是“公开”，公开有利于“预防腐败”。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312">招标程序中众多当事人的存在，使得公开性难于隐匿，当事人之间互相制衡，腐败难度相对加大，因而有利于“预防腐败”。如果说，由于招标的当事人较多，就说行政监管的范围和难度增大。那么，我们就无法解释，许多社会制度设计中的“监督”、” “审计”、“监察”等程序，甚至无法解释“三权鼎立”和“廉政公署”的合理性。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312">公开就是透明，而透明是预防腐败最好的良药啊。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体">六、招标虽具有“预防腐败”的作用，但不能轻视监管的力度。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312">招标具有采购的功能，也有“预防腐败”的作用，但并不是说我们的监管可以放任自流了，招标活动中，众多环节、众多当事人的存在，都需要监管的，招标制度的设计本意是让程序的公正和当事人的互相制约达到“预防腐败”目的的，这样可以减轻社会管理的成本。但是，在中国，由于众所周知的原因，这种理由状态还有待各方继续努力，因此，监管的力度丝毫不能放松。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312">就象“有人的地方就有江湖”一样，腐败作为全世界存在的问题，不管你的制度设计得如何完善，依然会有可能产生的。为此，《采购指南》和招标文件范本写入了反腐败条款。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312">由于招标程序的众多，期间又掺杂着“技术”性的许多知识，使得以“技术”的复杂性干扰“监管”的可能性容易得逞，增加了“预防腐败”的难度，这客观上要求在招标中要更加重视“预防腐败”。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体">七、招标 “预防腐败”的作用具有明显的局限性。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312">招标的“预防腐败”的作用，也有局限性。预防腐败，仅限于招标阶段是不够的。标前的环境、标后的管理，都是“监管”应该插入的地方。指望靠“招标”一个将军是把不住大门的。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312">事实上，招标中的“腐败”许多是由于人们奢望仅靠“招标”这把锁来预防而忽视了在其他方面进行“预防”而造成的。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312">由于只局限于“招标”环节的“预防腐败”，而不重视 “标后”合同履行的监督、不重视与招标相关的其他方面（对监管的监督、对诚信的监督等等）“预防腐败”，依据“短板理论”，“预防腐败”的效果将会在最短的那块板的缺口中流失。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312">再者，不规范的招标同样也会给腐败以可趁之机，这和任何不规范的采购活动一样的。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体">八、不能因对招标“预防腐败”作用的失望而抹杀其功能或目的。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312">中国的招标确实问题重重，预防腐败的作用似乎也不大，有人看之或许感觉已是腐败丛生了。旧病未去，新疾已到，招标规则的制订者万般无奈于不断更新“防腐防火墙”，而腐败者却在不断升级他们的“腐败病毒”加之，制度不全、诚信欠缺、监督失察、市场封锁、地方保护。。。。。。，都使腐败有可趁之机，久而久之，许多人已对招标的“预防腐败”作用失望至极。但这不是招标本身的错，是制度之错、诚信之错、失察之错啊！<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312">如果抹杀招标的“预防腐败”功能，认为招标的目的之一不是为了“预防腐败”，那么我们可以取消《招标投法》了，直接在《合同法》增加相应相应的条款算了。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体">九、走过场的“形式招标”，是由于腐败土壤的存在而存在的<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312">许多走过场的“形式”招标在，依赖于腐败土壤（制度不全、诚信欠缺、监督失察、市场封锁、地方保护等等）的存在而存在。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312">由于腐败土壤存在，有些人为私利把招标搞成走过场或者规避招标，这是贪官！<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312">由于腐败土壤存在，有些人对招标失望了，不负责的搞走过场的“形式”招标，这是昏官！<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312">由于腐败土壤存在，招标的经济功能大打折扣，有些人进而规避招标，自行采购，造成被迫违法，但这是清官！<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312">这都不是招标本身的错，是土壤错了！<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体">十、招标的阳光前景需要铲除腐败土壤<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312">招标作为一种采购制度，应该说是有其科学性的，其 “预防腐败”的功能和作用也是明显的。或许对于这种作用我们也尚未看到有多大效果，反而看到了许多不愿意看到的东西，但是这并不表明这种作用的不存在。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312">值得思考的是，我们如何让这种作用发挥更大功能。相信有识之士已思考良多，有关部门也研究多时了。个人认为其实就是，首先要铲除招标中的腐败土壤，当土壤不存在的时候，腐败会在阳光下显形，那些贪官敢贪吗？那些昏官还敢昏吗？那些清官还会违法吗？<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312">当腐败土壤铲除的时候，招标自然而然的规范起来了，短板也会一块块地接长了，招标这个“水桶”将会滴水现象将大为减少。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312">不过话说回来，说起来容易做起来难——“知易行难”啊！<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312"><p> </p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312">——以上是汉瓦对“招标”与“腐败”的几点思考。想粗浅地勾勒出了其中的几点关系，但遗憾的是，由于水平有限，可能有许多错误，也尚未有什么具体的成熟良策。贴于此，还望有人批评指正，如能作抛砖引玉之用，那也足够了。<span lang="EN-US"><p /></span></span></p>

gzztitc

楼主引用法律法规说明自己观点的另一文章，是：

“招标与预防腐败”，看看法律是怎么说的

http://bbs.chinabidding.com/read.php?tid=18957&keyword=


本人以为：这是一篇独立思考，深入分析的文章。

当然，观点是否正确，就请大家议论啦！

本人以为，有句话值得商榷：『由于腐败土壤存在，招标的经济功能大打折扣，有些人进而规避招标，自行采购，造成被迫违法，但这是清官！』

冰临城下

从采用招标的的木来说，先开始是从规范市场，遏制腐败而诞生的。但是虽着招投标的深入，是腐败逐渐滋生蔓延。各种与招投标相关的词语诞生：围标、串标、暗中指定、打击其它投标人、抢其他投标人文件等等，这些难道不是因为招投标也引发的事情吗？

   可以说引发腐败的方式和渠道很多，但是招投标是其中的一种，是招投标的滋生物和蔓延物。

plumliu

看了后，对招标与腐败的关系有了更进一步的认识，学习了 [s:1]

Laochan

<p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 16pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">拜读汉瓦大作后，老朽将其文中的标题略作修改以表明老朽的观点。由于最近忙于《机电成套设备采购国际竞争性招标文件（第一册）》的编制，不能作具体的论述，还请汉瓦先生和各位同仁谅解。红色是汉瓦先生的原标题。黑色是老朽的标题。</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"center\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 22pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"></span></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">一、“因招标而产生腐败”是一个错误的感受。 <span lang=\"EN-US\"></span></span></b></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">一、“因招标而产生腐败”的原因之一是由于错误的招标政策所致。</span></b></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">  </span></b></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><span lang=\"EN-US\"></span></span></b></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"></span></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">二、招标中产生腐败的根源并不在招标本身。 <span lang=\"EN-US\"></span></span></b></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">二、招标中产生腐败的根源并不在招标本身，而在于错误的招标政策和腐败人的道德所致。</span></b></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">  </span></b></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><span lang=\"EN-US\"></span></span></b></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"></span></b></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">三、招标客观上具有“预防腐败”的功能。 <span lang=\"EN-US\"></span></span></b></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">三、招标客观上并不具有“预防腐败”的功能。而恰恰相反，招标中必须预防腐败。</span></b></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">  </span></b></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><span lang=\"EN-US\"></span></span></b></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"></span></b></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">四、招标中众多当事人的分权有利于“预防腐败”。 <span lang=\"EN-US\"></span></span></b></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">四、招标中众多当事人的分权有利于“分散腐败”，并使招标人的腐败行为更具隐蔽性。</span></b></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">  </span></b></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><span lang=\"EN-US\"></span></span></b></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"></span></b></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">五、招标的核心是“公开”，公开有利于“预防腐败”。 <span lang=\"EN-US\"></span></span></b></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">五、招标的核心是维护招标人的权益。只有维护招标人权益的招标才能成为真正意义上的招标。</span></b></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">  </span></b></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"></span></b></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"></span></b></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">六、招标虽具有“预防腐败”的作用，但不能轻视监管的力度。 <span lang=\"EN-US\"></span></span></b></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">六、招标并不具有“预防腐败”的作用，因此，要加强对招标的监管力度。<span lang=\"EN-US\"> </span></span></b></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><span lang=\"EN-US\">  </span></span></b></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><span lang=\"EN-US\"></span></span></b></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"></span></b></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"></span></b></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">七、招标 “预防腐败”的作用具有明显的局限性。 <span lang=\"EN-US\"></span></span></b></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">七、认为招标 有“预防腐败”的作用，具有明显的误导性。</span></b></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">  </span></b></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><span lang=\"EN-US\"></span></span></b></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"></span></b></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">八、不能因对招标“预防腐败”作用的失望而抹杀其功能或目的。 <span lang=\"EN-US\"></span></span></b></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">八、虽然招标并无“预防腐败”作用，但不能抹杀其功能或目的。</span></b></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">  <span lang=\"EN-US\"> </span></span></b></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><span lang=\"EN-US\"></span></span></b></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"></span></b></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">九、走过场的“形式招标”，是由于腐败土壤的存在而存在的 <span lang=\"EN-US\"></span></span></b></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">九、走过场的“形式招标”，是由于错误的招标政策所致。</span></b></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">  <span lang=\"EN-US\"> </span></span></b></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><span lang=\"EN-US\"></span></span></b></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"></span></b></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">十、招标的阳光前景需要铲除腐败土壤。<span lang=\"EN-US\"></span></span></b></p><p /><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">十、招标的阳光前景需要有正确的招标政策。</span></b></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">（请注意：土壤是不能铲除的。）</span></b></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 28&#46;1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan\" align=\"left\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"></span></b></p>

flashman9911

汉瓦和Laochan 的观点都非常值得学习！

唐淳

看了前辈们的文章
本人受益匪浅
觉得知识是 永远学不完的
在这种场合下我都无权说话
作为学生
感到自己还很幼稚

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sdwf

看高手“华山论剑”很过瘾，在高手的讨论中我们边看边学，简单明了，便于记忆！

yangjing

在当今社会，招标与腐败已经到达“相辅相成，密不可分”的境界，在招标的大环境中也让腐败得以滋生···我们学习书本上的招标，已经变成理想状态下的招标，公开，公平，公正，也已经变成一种口号，打着正义的旗帜，为腐败摇旗呐喊···可见理想和现实的差距是多么的遥远···

bidboy

我觉得招标中的公开、公平、公正主要是采购范畴的，不是防止腐败范畴的。这就好比武器，可以用来打敌人，也可以用来打自己人，还可以用来自杀。都是这一支枪。