工程建设国家标准-中英对照

紫丁香

建设工程文件归档整理规范  Code for construction project document filing and avrangement
粮食平房仓设计规范  Code of design of grain storehouses
建筑工程施工质量验收统一标准  Unified standard for constructional quality
组合钢模板技术规范  Technical code of composite steel-form
建筑装饰装修工程质量验收规范  Code for construction quality acceptance of building decoration
钢结构工程施工质量验收规范  Code for acceptance of construction quality of steel structures
工业锅炉安装工程施工及验收规范  Code ofr construction and acceptance of industrial boiler installation engineering
电气装置安装工程电力变流设备施工及验收规范  Electric equipment installation engineering Code for construction and acceptance of power convertor equipment
电气装置安装工程电气设备交接试验标准  Erection works of electrical installations Standard for hand-over test of electric equipment
电气装置安装工程母线施工及验收规范  Erection works of electrical installations Code for construction and acceptance of bus-bar device
电气装置安装工程高压电器施工及验收规范  Erection works of electrical installations Code for construction and acceptance of high voltage appliance
工业用水软化除盐设计规范  Code for design of indutrial water softening and demineralization
室外煤气热力工程设施抗震鉴定标准  Code for seismic assessment of outdoor gas and heating engineering facilities
工业金属管道设计规范  Code for design of industrial metakkic pipeline engineering
预制混凝土构件质量检验评定标准  Standard for quality inspection and asswssment of precast concrete members
建设工程监理规范  Code for construction project management
城市排水工程规划规范_  Code for planning of urban sewerage engineering
猪屠宰与分割车间设计规范  Code for design of workshop for pig slaughter and segmentation
砌体工程检测技术标准  Code for design of industrial metallic pipeline engineering
智能建筑设计标准  Standsrd for design of intelligent buildings
消防通信指挥系统设计规范  Code for design of fire communication and commant system
建筑与建筑群综合布线系统工程验收规范  Code for engineering acceptance of generic cabling system for building and campus
建筑与建筑群综合布线系统工程设计规范  Code for engineering design of generic cabling system for building and campus
电梯安装工程质量检验评定标准  Standard for quality inspection and assessment of erection works of elevators
工业炉砌工程质量检验评定标准  Standard for quality inspection and assessment of brick works for industrial furnaces
地下铁道、轻轨交通工程测量规范  Code for engineering surveying of subway and lignt
地下铁道、轻轨交通岩土工程勘察规范  Code for geotechnical engineering investigation of subway and light rail transit
建筑安装工程质量检验评定标准(容器工程)  Standard for quality inspection and assessment of buildint construction erection works(container)
建筑安装工程质量检验说不定标准(通用机械设备安装工程)  Standard for quality inspection and assessment of building construction erection works (general machinery equipment)
通风与空调工程质量检验评定标准  Standard for quality inspection and assessment of Ventilation and air-conditioning works
建筑电气安装工程质量评定标准  Standard for quality inspection and assessment of ventilation and air-conditioning works
建筑采暖卫生与煤气工程质量检验评定标准  Standard for quality inspection and assessment of building heating，sanitary and gas engineering
建筑工程质量检验评定标准  Standard for quality inspection and assessment of buiding construction
建筑安装工程质量检验评定统一标准  Unified standard for quality inspection and assessment of building costructional erection works
地下铁道工程施工及验收规范  Code for construction and acceptance of subway engineering
风景名胜区规划规范  Code for planning of scenic area
电力工程基本术语标准  Standard for basic terms of electric power engineering
供水管井技术规范  Technical standard for water supply well
水泥工厂设计规范  Code for design of cement plants
核电厂总平面及运输设计规范  Code for dsign of general plan and transportation of nuclear power plants
城市电力规划规范  Code for planning of urban electric power
民用建筑可靠性鉴定标准  Standard for reliability evaluation of civil buildings
房地产估价规范  Code for appraisal of real estate
土工合成材料应用技术规范  Technical code for application of geosynthetics
城市工程管线综合规划规范  Code for comprehensive planning of urban engineering pipeline
灌溉与排水工程设计规范  Code for design of irrigation and drainage
水利水电工程地质勘察规范  Code for geological investigation of water resources and hydropower engineering
堤防工程设计规范  Code for design of levee projects
调幅收音台和调频电视转播台与公路防护商距标准  Standard for protection distance from highway to AM，FM and TV rebroadcast stations
飞机库设计防火规范  Code for fire protection design of aircraft hangar
公路工程结构可靠度设计统一标准  Unified standard of reliability design of highway engineering structures
城市给水工程规化规范  Code for planning of urbanwater supply engineering
泡沫灭火系统施工及验收规范  Code for construction and acceptance of foam fire extinguishing systems
城市规划基本术语标准  Standard for basic terminology of urban planning
岩土工程基本术语标准  Standard for fundamental erms of geotechnical engineering
起重设备安装工程施工验收规范  Code for construction and acceptance of crane installation engineering
铸造设备安装工程施工及验收规范  Code for construction and acceptance of casting equipment installation engineering
破碎粉磨设备安装工程施工及验收规范  Code for construction and acceptance of crusher and mill equipment installation engineering
压缩机、风机、泵安装工程施工及验收规范  Code for construction and acceptance of compressor,fan and pump in stallation engineering
制冷设备空气分离设备安装工程施工及验收规范  Code for construction and acceptance of industrial boiler installation engineering
锻压设备安装工程施工及验收规范  Code for construction and acceptance of forging - press equipment installation engineering
金属切削机床安装工程施工及验收规范  Code for construction and acceptancw of metal - cutting machine installation engineering
连续输送设备安装工程施工及验收规范  Code for construction and acceptance of continuous conveyer equipment installation engineering
地基动力特性测试规范  Code for measurement method of dynamic properties of subsoil
给水排水管道工程施工及验收规范  Code for construction and acceptance of water supply and sewerage pipeline engineering
核电厂抗震设计规范  Code for seismic design of unclear power plants
工程岩体试验方法标准  Standard for test methods of engineering rock masses
泵站设计规范  Code for design of pumping cstations
工业设备及管道绝热工程设计规范  Code for design of heat insulation engineering of industrial equipment and pipe lines
气体灭火系统施工及验收规范  Code for installation and acceptance of gas fire extinguishing systems
铁路工程基本术语标准  Standard for fundamental terms of railway engineering
自动喷水灭火系统施工及验收规范  Code for construction and acceptance of automatic sprinkler fire extinguishing systems
电力设施抗震设计规范  Code for design of seismic of electrical installations
电气装置安装工程电气照明装置施工及验收规范_  Electric equipment installation engineering Code for construction and acceptance of electric lighting devices
电气装置安装工程1KV及以下配线工程施工及验收规范  Electric equipment installation engineering Code for construction and acceptance of 1kV and under feeder cable engineering
电气装置安装工程爆炸和火灾危险环境电气装置施工及验收规范  Electric equipment installation engineering Code for construction and acceptance of electric device within explosion and fire hazard atmospheres
电气装置安装工程起重机电气装置施工及验收规范  Electric equipment installation engineering Code for construction and acceptane of power convertor equipment
电气装置安装工程低压电器施工及验收规范  Electric equipment installation engineering Code for construction and acceptance of low-voltage apparatus
输油管道理工程设计规范  Code for design of oil transmission pipeline engineering
工业安装工程质量检验说不定统一标准  Unified standard for quality inspection and assessment of industrial erection engineering
输气管道工程设计规范  Code for design of gas transmission pipeline engineering
通风与空调工程施工及验收规范  Code for construction and acceptance of ventilation and air -conditioning works
采暖与卫生工程施工及验收规范  Code for construction and acceptance of heating and sanitary works
现场设备、工业管道焊接工程施工及验收规范  Code for construction and acceptance of welding works of on -site equipment and industrial pipeline
工业金属管道工程施工及验收规范  Code for construction and acceptance of industrial metallic pipeline engineering
110～500kV架空电力线路施工及验收规范  Code for construction and acceptance of 110～kV over -head electrical power transmission
机械设备安装工程施工及验收规范  Code for construction and acceptance of mechanical equipment installation engineering
火力发电厂与变电所设计防火规范  Code for fire protecton design of power plant and substation
工程测量基本术语标准  Standsrd for foundational terminology of engineering survey
并联电容器装置设计规范  Code for design of installation of shunt capacitors
铁路旅客车站建筑设计规范  Code for design of railway passenger station buildings
人民防空工程设计规范  Code for design of civil air defence works
建筑防腐蚀工程质量检验评定标准  Standard for quality inspection and assessment of anticorrosion engineering of buildings
建筑抗震设防分类标准  Standard for classification of seismic protection of buildings
建筑内部装修设计防火规范  Code for fire prevention design of interior decoration of buildings
钢结构工程质量检验评定标准  Standard for quality inspection and assessment of structural steel engineering
城市道路交通规划设计规范  Code for planning design of transport on urban road
水喷雾灭火系统设计规范  Code for design on water spray fore extinguishing systems
工程岩体分级标准  Standard for classification of engineering rock masses
电力工程电缆设计规范  Code for design of cables of electric works
铁路工程结构可靠度设计统一标准  Unified standard for reliability design of railway
煤炭工业矿井设计规范  Code for the colliery design of coal mining industry
矿山井巷工程施工及验收规范  Code for construction and acceptance of mining pit engineering
建筑防腐蚀工程施工及验收规范  Code for construction and acceptance of building corrosion prevention works
工业炉砌筑工程施工及验收规范  Code for construction and acceptance of brick works for industrial furnaces
建筑地面工程施工及验收规范  Code for construction and acceptance of ground and floor engineering
地下防水工程施工验收规范  Code for construction and acceptance of underground water proof engineering
屋面工程技术规范  Technical code for roof engineering
木结构工程施工质量验收规范  Code for construction and acceptance of timber structure engineering
砌体工程施工质量验收规范  Code for construction and acceptance of masonry structure engineering
地基与基础工程施工及验收规范  Code for construction and acceptance of foundation engineering
土方与爆破工程施工及验收规范  Code for construction and acceptance of earthwork and blasting engineering
防洪标准  Standard for flood control
有线电视系统工程技术规范  Technical code for CATV system
水利水电工程结构可靠度设计统一标准  Unified standard for reliability design of hydraulic engineering structures
民用闭路监视电视系统工程技术规范  Technical code for civil closed circuit monitoring TV system engineering
露天煤矿工程设计规范  Code for design of open pit coal mine engineering
高倍数、中倍数泡沫灭火系统设计规范(2002年版）  Code for design of high and medium expansion foam fore extinguishing systems
发生炉煤气站设计规范  Code for design of producer gas stations
建设工程施工现场面供用电安全规范  Code for safety of power supply and consumption in engineering construction site
二氧化碳灭火系统设计规范  Code for design of carbon dioxide fire extingusishing systems
河港工程设计规范  Code for design of river port engineering
构筑物抗震设计规范  Code for design of earthquake -reasistant of structural constructions
多层厂房楼盖抗微振设计规范  Code for design of anti-microvibration of multistory factory floor

紫丁香

旅游旅馆建筑热工与空气调节节能设计标准  Standard for design of air conditioning and energy conservation in tourism hotel buildings
村镇规划标准  Standard for planning of rural villange and town
工业企业总平面设计规范  Code for design of general plan for industrial enterprises
港口工程基本术语标准  Standard for basic terms of port engineering
工业设备及管道绝热工程质量检验评定标准  Standard for quality inspection and assessment of heat insultion engineering of industrial equipment and pipelines
工业金属管道工程质量检验评定标准  Standard for quality inspection and assessment of industrial metal pipeline engineering
原油和天然气工程设计防火规范  Code for fire protection design of crude
电气装置安装工程电梯电气装置施工及验收规范  Erection works of electrical ins tallations Code for construction and acceptance of electrical appa
蓄滞洪区建筑工程技术规范  Technical code for constructional engineering in flood dstention basin
城市居住区规划设计规范  Code of urban Residential areas planning m Design
河流流量测验规范  Code for measurement of fluid flow in open channels
建筑气候区划标准  Standard for climatic region-alization for building and civil engineering
氢氧站设计规范  Code for design of hydrogen and oxygen stations
民用建筑热工设计规范  Code for thermal design of civil buildings
露天煤矿工程施工及验收规范  Code for construction and acceptance of open pit coal-mine engingeering
电子计算机机房设计规范  Code for design of ilectric computer room
电气装置安装工程35kV及以下架空电力线路施工及验收规范  Erection works of electrical installations Code for construction and acceptance of 35kV and under over-head power levels
电气装置安装工程蓄电池施工及验收规范  Erection works of electrical installations Code for construction and acceptance of battery
电气装置安装工程盘、柜及二次回路结线施工及验收规范  Erection works of electrical installation and acceptance of switchboard outfit,complete cubicle and secondary circuit
电气装置安装工程旋转电机施工及验收规范  Erection works of electrical installations Code of construction and acceptance of rotating electrical machines
电气装置安装工程接地装置施工及验收规范  Erection works of electrical installations Code for construction and asseptance of earthed devices
电气装置安装工程电缆线路施工及验收规范  Erection works of electrical installations Code for construction and acceptance of cable levels
工程摄影测量标准  Code for engineering photogrammetry
火灾自动报警系统施工及验收规范  Code for construction and acceptance of automatic fore alarm systems
古建筑木结构维护与加固技术规范  Technical code for maintenance and strengthing of ancient timber buildings
混凝土质量控制标准  Standard for quality control of concrete
卤代烷1301灭火设计规范  Code for design of halon 1301 fore extingushing systems
道路工程制图标准  Standard for road engineering drawing
烟花爆竹工厂设计安全规范  Code for safety design of fire-works and firecrackers plants
石油化工企业设计防火规范  code for fire protection design of petrochemical enterprises
河流悬移质泥沙测验规范  Code for measurement of sus pended sediment in open channels
港口工程结构可靠度设计统一标准  Unified standard for reliability design of port engineering
地下铁道设计规范  code for design of under-ground railway
小型石油库及汽车加油站设计规范  Code for design of small petrochemical storage depots and service stations
采暖通风与空气调节术语标准  Standard for terminology of heating，ventilation and airconditioning
地下及覆土火药炸药仓库设计安全生产规范  Code for safety design of underground and earth powder and explosive warehouse
工程结构可靠度设计统一标准  Unified standard for reliability design of engineering structures
混凝土结构试验方法标准  Standard for test methods of concrete structures
低倍数泡沫灭火系统设计规范  Code for design of low expansion foam extinguishing systems
电气装置安装工程高压电器施工及验收规范  Erection works of electrical installations Code for constucion and acceptance of high voltage appliance
粉煤灰混凝土应用技术规程  Technical code for application of fly ash concrete
土的分类标准  Standard for classification of soils
工业厂房可靠性鉴定标准  Standard for reliability evaluation of industrial factory buildings
架空电力线路、变电所对电视差转台、转播台无线电干扰防护间距标准  Standard for protective spacing of radio interference from over-head electric lines，substations to t
中、短波广播发射台与电缆载波通信系统的防护间距标准  Standard for potective specing between medium,short wave broadcast transmitting station and electric cable carrier telecommunucation systems
给水排水构筑物施工及验收规范  Code for construction and acceptance of constructional structures of water supply and sewerage
建筑灭火器配置设计规范  Code for design of extinguisher disposition in buildings
内河通航标准  STandard for navigation of inland river
水位观测标准  Standard for observation of water level
城市用地分类与规划建设用地标准  Standard for classification of urban land and for planning of constructional land
电镀废水治理设计规范  Code for design of disposal of electroplating waste water
高耸结构设计规范  Code for design of high-rise structures
人防工程施工及验收规范  Code for construction and acceptance of civil air defence works
民用建筑照明设计标准  Standard for design of artificial lighting in civil buildings
工程结构设计基本术语和通用符号  Standard for basic terms and general symbols used in structural sedign of engineering
自动化仪表安装工程质量检验评定标准  Standard for quality inspection and assessment of installation works for automatic instruments
钢筋混凝土升板结构技术规范  Technical code for reinforced concrete lif-slab structure
砌体基本力学性能试验方法标准  Standard for test methods of basic mechincal properties of masonry
立式圆筒开形钢制焊接油罐施工及验收规范  Code for construction and acceptance of stand cylindrical steel welded oil storagn tank
架空索道工程技术规范  Technical code for aerial ropeway engineering
工业设备及管道绝热工程施工及验收规范  Code for construction and acceptance of heat insulation in industrial equipment and pipe work
给水排水设计基本术语标准  Standard for basic terms used in design of water supply and sewerage engineering
道路工程术语标准  Standard for terms used in road engineering
土工试验方法标准  Standard for test methods of earthworks
工业企业噪声测量规范  Code for measurement of noise in industrial enterprises
建筑隔声评价标准  Standard for assessment of building sound insulation
工业企业共用天线电视系统设计规范  Code for design of community television system in industrial enterprises
混凝土外加剂应用技术规范  Technical code for application of admixture in concrete
民用建筑隔声设计规范  Code for sound insulation design of civil buildings
工业构筑物抗震鉴定标准  Standard for earthquake-resistant evaluation of industrial constructional structures
火灾自动报警系统设计规范  Code for design of automatic fire alarm systems
工业电视系统工程设计规范  Code for design of close circuit television system
采暖通风与空气调节制图标准  Standard for heating，ventilation and air-conditioning drawings
液压滑动模板施工技术规范  Technical code for construction using hydraulic slip formworks
膨胀土地区建筑技术规范  Technical code for buildings in swelling soil zone
铁路工程抗震设计规范  Code for sesmic design of railway engineering
卤代烷1211灭火系统设计规范  Code for design of haton1211fire extinguishing systems
地下工程防水技术规范  Technical code for water proof in underground engineering
混凝土强度检验评定标准  Standard for inspection and assessment of strength of concrete
给水排水制图标准  Standard for water supply and sewerage drawing
建筑结构制图标准  Standard for structural drawing
建筑制图标准  Standard for architectural drawing
总图制图标准  Standard for general layout drawing
工业循环冷却水设计规范  Code for design of industrial recirculating cooling water
建筑楼梯模数协调标准  Standard for modular coordination of building staircases
住宅建筑模数协调标准  Stand ard for modular coordination of dwelling houses
中小学校建筑设计规范  Code for design of secondary and primary shool buildings
人民防空工程设计防火规范  Code for fire protection design of civil air defence works
水泥混凝土路面施工及验收规范  Code for construction and acceptance of cement concrete pavement
住宅设计规范  Code for design of dwelling houses
水文基本术语和符号标准  Standard for terms and symbols used in hydrometry
球形储罐施工及验收规范  Code for construction and acceptance of spherical tank
工业自动化仪表工程施工及验收规范  Code for construction and acceptance of industrial automatic instrument works
沥青路面施工及验收规范  Code for constrution and acceptance of asphat pavement
铁路车站及枢纽设计规范  Code for design of railway stations and railway terminals
铁路线路设计规范  Code for design of railway line
民用爆破器材工厂设计安全规范  Code for safety design of ivil explosive materials manufacturing plants
驻波管法吸声系数与声阻抗率测量规范  Code for measurement of sound-absorbing coefficient and specific acoustic inpedance of standing-wave
工业企业噪声控制设计规范  Code for design of noise cintrol in industrial enterprises
锚杆喷射混凝土支护技术规范  Technical code for shotcrete rock bolts shore
喷灌工程技术规范  Technical code for sprinkling irrigation engineering
自动喷水灭火系统设计规范  Code for design of automatic fire sprinkler systems
建筑结构设计术语和符号标准  Standard for terminology amd symbols used in design of building structures
普通混凝土长期性能和耐久性能试验方法  Standard for test methods of long-term performance and durability of ordinary concrete
普通混凝土力学性能试验方法标准  Standard for test methods of mechanical properties of ordinary concrete
普通混凝土拌合物性能试验方法  Standard for test methods of properties of ordinary concrete mixture
工业企业通信接地设计规范  Code for desygn of telecommunucations earthing in industrial enterprises
烟囱工程施工及验收规范  Code for construcion and acceptance of chimney works
钢筋混凝土筒仓设计规范  Code for design of reinforced concrete silos
厅堂混响时间测量规范  Code for measurement of reverberation time in hall
建筑隔声测量规范  Code for measurement of building sound insulation
石油库设计规范  Code for design of petroleum depots
洁净厂房设计规范  Code for design of industrial clean rooms
冷库设计规范  Code for design of cold-storages
小型水力发电站设计规范  Code for design of small-sized hydropower stations
矿山电力装置设计规范  Code for design of mine electrical power equipment
给水排水工程结构设计规范  Code for structural design of water supply and sewerage engineering
建筑结构设计统一标准  Unified standard for design of building structures
汽车库、修车库、停车场设计防火规范  Code for fire protection design of garage.motor repairshop amd parking area
制冷设备安装工程施工及验收规范  Code for construction and acceptance of installation works of refrigeration equipment
工业与民用电力装置的接地设计规范  Code for design of earthing of industrial and civil electrical installation
工业与民用电力装置的过电压保护设计规范  Code for design of over-voltage protection of industrial amd civil electrical installation
电力装置的电气测量仪表装置设计规范  Code for design of electrical measuring instrumentation of electrical installation

紫丁香

电力装置的继电保护和自动装置设计规范  Code for design of relaying protection and automatic device of electric power installation
66KV及以下架空电力线路设计规范  Clde for design of 66KV or under over-head electrical power transmission line
3～110KV高压配电装置设计规范  Code for design of 3～110KV high voltage electrical installations
35～110KV变电所设计规范  Code for design of 35～110KV
爆炸和火灾危险环境电力装置设计规范  Code for design of electric installations within explosion and fire hazard atmospheres
建筑物防雷设计规范  Code for design of lightning protection of buildings
电热设备电力装置设计规范  Code for design of electrical equipment of electroheat installations
通用用电设备配电设计规范  Code for design of power distribution of general electrical installations
低压配电装置及线路设计规范  Code for design of low voltage power distribution installations and wiring systems
10KV及以下变电所设计规范  Code for design of 10KV or under substations
供配电系统设计规范  Code for design of electric power supply systems
烟囱设计规范  Code for design of chimneys
工业循环冷却水处理设计规范  Code for design of industrial recirculating cooling water treatment
小型火力发电厂设计规范  Code for design of small -sized power plant
混响室法吸声系数测量规范  Code for measurement of sound -absorbing coefficient in reverberation room
工业建筑防腐蚀设计规范  Code for design of corrosion prevention of industrial buildings
高层民用建筑设计防火规范  Code for fire protection design of high -rise buildings
室外给水排水工程设施抗震鉴定标准  Standard for seismic assessment of outdoor water supply and sewerage engineering facilities
工业企业通信设计规范  Code for design of teleconmunication in industrial enterprises
锅炉房设计规范  Code for design of boiler house
动力机器基础设计规范  Code for design of dynamic machine foundation
村镇建筑设计防火规范  Code for fire protection design of rural buildings
人民防空地下室设计规范  Code for design of basement for civil air defence
建筑地面设计规范  Code of design for ground surface and floor of buildings
工业企业照明设计标准  Standard for artificial lighting design of industrial enterprises
医院洁净手术部建筑技术规范  Standard for daylighting design of industrial enterprises
室外给水排水和煤气热力工程抗震设计规范  Code for earthquake-resistant design of outdoor water supply,sewerage,gas and heating engineering
乙炔站设计规范  Code for design of acetylene stations
氧气站设计规范  Code for design of oxygen station
压缩空气站设计规范  Code for design of compressedair stations
城镇燃气设计规范  Code for design of city gas engineering
供水水文地质勘察规范  Code for hydrogelilgical investigation of water supply
工程测量规范  Code for engineering surveying
湿陷性黄土地区建筑规范  Code for building construction in collapsible loess zone
建筑抗震鉴定标准  Standard for earthquake-resistant evaluation of buildings
厂矿道路设计规范  Code for design of road in factories and mining areas
岩土工程勘察规范  Code for investigation of geotechnical engineering
采暖通风与空气调节设计规范  Code for design of heating,ventilation and air conditioning
冷弯薄壁型钢结构技术规范  Technical code for design of cold-formed thin -wall steel structures
钢结构设计规范  Code for design of steel structures
建筑设计防火规范  Code for fire protection design of buildings
建筑给水排水设计规范  Code for design of building water supply and sewerage
室外排水设计规范  Code for design of outdoor sewerage engineering
室外给水设计规范  Code for design of outdoor water supply engineering
工业企业标准轨距铁路设计规范  Code for design of standard track gauge railway in industrial enterprises
建筑抗震设计规范  Code for seismic design of buildings
混凝土结构设计规范  Code for design of concrete structures
建筑结构荷载规范  Loading code for design of building structures
建筑地基基础设计规范  Code for design of building
厂房建筑模数协调标准  Standard for modular coordination of factory buildings
木结构设计规范  Code for design of timber structures
砌体结构设计规范  Code for design of masonry strucres
建筑模数协调统一标准  Unified standard for modular coordination of buildings
房屋建筑制图统一标准  Unified standard for building drawing